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Cardiovascular System (Blood (Proteins (globulin (antibodies protect us…

- - - - Made up of serous membrane which is made of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
        
        Parietal (outer)
        
        Visceral (on the organ)
    - - serous fluid (lubricating)
      - between parietal and visceral layers of pericardium
    - - made up of dense regular connective tissue
      - located from the diaphragm to the roots of the large vessels
      - surrounds/encloses the heart
      - functions to keep the heart in place and keeps the heart from overfilling
  - - - 'heart muscle"
      - allows blood to be pushed out more effectively
    - - lines the heart and covers the valves
      - simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
    - - "upon the heart" = visceral pericardium
      - composed of serous membrane (simple squamous and areolar connective tissue)
  - - - intercalated discs located in cardiac muscles
        
        Fascia adherens
        
        desmosome like structures that allow actin to bind to the sarcomeres
        
        gap junctions
        
        electrical signals pass from one cardiac cell to the next
  - - - blood moves from upper to lower valves
    - - push blood out of the lower chambers
      - semilunar close between amount of time of contraction
  - - - bundle branches
    - - AV node delays signal while ventricles fill with blood
    - - purkinje fibers
    - - sinoatrial node (SA)
        
        generates electrical signal
        
        in right atrium
      - atrioventricular node (AV)
        
        send signal throughout atria
        
        atria will contract using gap junctions to spread signal
- - - - tunica intima
        
        endothelium and basement membrane, great exchange vessels
    - - continuous
        
        located in central nervous system, lungs, skin, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
        
        least leaky
        
        most common
      - fenestrated
        
        high rates of exchange
        
        more leaky
        
        "windows" pores
        
        located in small intestine, kidney, choroid plexus, endocrine glands
      - sinusoid
        
        large, winding
        
        can exchange whole cells and protein
        
        located in lover, red bone marrow, spleen
  - - - tunica media
        
        smooth muscle but less than artery
      - tunica intima
        
        endothelium
      - tunica externa
        
        thicker than artery
        
        same composition
    - - venules
        
        much like capillaries
        
        still some exchange of materials
        
        1-2 layers of smooth muscle
        
        smallest of the veins
      - Medium sized vein
        
        valves
      - Large vein
        
        vaso vasorum
        
        nervi vasorum
  - - - tunica media
        
        "thickest layer", smooth muscle with collagen and elastic fibers
      - tunica intima
        
        internal elastic membrane, endothelium (simple squamous)
      - tunica externa
        
        connective tissue, collagen fibers protect, strength
    - - elastic/conducting arteries
        
        largest of the arteries
        
        able to move large amounts of blood
        
        most elastic fibers of all the arteries
        
        found in aorta, pulmonary trunk, large branches from the aorta
        
        most proximal to the heart
      - muscular/distributing arteries
        
        more muscle than other arteries for its size
        
        more distal from the heart
        
        take blood to the organs/parts of organs
      - arterioles
        
        1-2 layers of smooth muscle
        
        capable of challenging diameter to regulate blood flow
        
        smallest, most distal arteries
- - - - antibodies protect us from pathogens
    - - involved in blood clotting
    - - helps keep water in blood vessels
  - - - bags of hemoglobin containing iron and hemoglobin binds to oxygen
      - created in red bone marrow
  - - - neutrophil
      - eosinophil
      - basophil
      - lymphocyte
      - monocyte
  - - - pieces of larger cell called megakarocyte
      - have a role in stopping bleeding and clot formation