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Reasons for Fall of Jerusalem: Core Assessment Prep (Frankish…
Reasons for Fall of Jerusalem: Core Assessment Prep
Muslim
Resources
United Muslim world using Jihadi ideology
Took Gaza, Egypt, Arabia and Syria
Surrounded Outremer
meant had more places to call for troops = more manpower
Had more economical resources to pay for campaigns
Still had vying emirs
legitimacy at stake
Sheer number of Saladin's troops meant that he was able to send out individual troops across Outremer
Diplomacy
Leniency towards Latin cities
Offered people in Acre to live there under Muslim rule
If didn't want to able to have 40 days to settle anything
Any town surrendering had similar terms
Entered Jerusalem w/o bloodshed
In letters to Caliph, S implied that he wanted to sack Jerusalem by sept 1187 and enslave woman and children
Good tactics
Battle of Hattin
Drew Guy's army out of the safety of Outremer
Surrounded Guy's troops
Denied Guy's troops access to lake + set fire to the grass
Made troops desperate enough to charge + then Saladin was able to capture them
Guy did not have to take the bait - internal rivalries between Raynald and Raymond made him
This lost him the battle of Hattin
Had Guy not marched out likely that emirs would have deserted Saladin
Focus on Jerusalem
Decided to do this after protracted siege risked bringing campaign to halt + fracturing alliance
bc religious significance
Brought lots of troops and siege engines
Terms of surrender agreed w/ Balian so no need for fight
Weakness of Franks = only two knights + Balian to defend J
Frankish
Factionalism
Raymond of Tripoli let small troop of saladin across his lands in April 1186
Before Battle of Cresson (Frankish defeat)
Raynald of Chatillion and Gerard de Ridefort saw him as a traitor
Military order independent of authority of King
Pursued own interests
Battle of Cresson, Hospitallers charged + lost 127 men
Guy lost a lot of manpower
actually due to Guy's weak leadership
Other kings had been able to control faction
Fulk was able to solve succession problem
Baldwin I and II were able to unite nobility behind them
Bad tactics
during attack in 1187, Guy decided to march out to relieve Tiberius
Should have shadowed Saladin's forces like he did w/ success in 1183
Raymond (rival of Guy) advised Guy to shadow
Raynald and Gerard de Ridefort said to Guy that Raymond planned to humiliate Guy
Guy chose to march out
Guy emptied all cities in Kingdom after Hattin
Lack of manpower
All ports but Tyre + all castles but 4 fell
Jerusalem only left w/ 2 knights to defend
Raynald of Chatillon
Broke truce w/ Saladin made in 1180
attacked several Muslim caravans in 1182
Meant that Saladin now had right to attack Franks
War broke out between Muslims and Latin Kingdom
Saladin first asked for reparations from Baldwin IV but he refused saying he couldn't control his unruly vassal and only then did war break out
Baldwin IV could have prevented war from breaking out
Sent pirate ships in Red Sea towards Mecca + Medina
Challenging Islam in its most sacred places
Geographical weakness
Constant state of war w/ muslim neighbours = leadership turnover rates high
Only when Muslims united
Lack of heirs b/c always fighting and dying young
Meant that any outside aid had to go through turks land before getting to Outremer (many lost manpower on the way)
Second crusade = Louis' and Conrad's armies severely depleted
Had ports for manpower to come through
Relied on Italian sea powers a lot
Lack of help from Byzantines
battle of Myriocephelum 1176
chose to attack despite danger of ambush and bad location (could have lured them out to planes where had previous victory)
May be because of KAs forces poisoning water supply
Because of loss could no longer march to Outremer b/c turks were in the way
Still had Byzantine fleet to help Outremer
Even before that not much help
didn't help Amalric in Egypt
Change of Policy
Manuel died in 1180
Political upheavals removed Manuel's successor + Andronicus Comnenus seized power in 1183
seen as anti-latin
removed pro latin courtiers by 1185
Harris says not anti-latin just less diplomatic
removed courtiers b/c wanted revenge against Manuel
Massacre of Italians in Constantinople in 1182
Andronicus' army joined in
Ended alliance between Outremer and Byzantium
No help from latin west either, despite requests for crusades
Only crusade called after battle of Hattin in 1187