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chp 16-17 (DNA replication (telomeres (special nucleotide sequences found…

- - - - has to add RNA primer in order to add nucleotides with and enzyme called primase
  - - - doesn't go through translation like DNA
- - - - pyrimidine
      - only pairs with adenine
    - - purine
        
        purine pairs with pyrimidine
    - - pyrimidine
        
        pyrimidine pairs only with purine
        
        this is because they uniform a equal width all the way around
      - only pairs with guanine
- - - - prokaryotes
        
        translation can begin before mRNA can begin before transcription has finished
        
        in termination mRNA can be translated with out further modification
      - eukaryotes
        
        nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation
        
        transcripts are modifies through RNA processing to yield the finished mRNA
        
        in termination RNA polymerase transcribes polyadenylation signal sequence
      - pre mRNA then RNA is processed to be moved to the ribosome
        
        SRP escorts the ribose to a receptor protein built into the ER membrane
        
        signal -recognition particle binds to the signal peptide
        
        polyribosomes translate single mRNA simultaneously
        
        enable cell to make many copies of polypeptide very quickly
    - - elongation
        
        untwist of the doublee helix 10 to 2 bases at a time
      - termination
      - initiation
        
        promoters signal the transcription start point
        
        transcription factors mediate the binding of RNA polymerase
        
        RNA polymerase pries DNA strands apart and joins RNA nucleotides together
        
        attaches to promoter
        
        TATA box is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes
  - - - triplet code -after transcription mRNA are put into groups of three to determine the group of amino acid they will be placed under.
        
        these groups are amino acids
        
        template strand provides a template for ordering the sequence complementary nucleotides in an RNA transcript
    - - codons must be read in the correct way for the specific polypeptide to be produced. this is the reading frame
      - multiple codons can have different orders but have the same amino acid grouping
  - - - introns
        
        noncoding regions
      - exons
        
        other regions usually translated into amino acid sequences
    - - recognize the splice sites with proteins and small RNA
        
        domains are discrete regions of proteins that have modular architecture
      - ribozymes splice RNA (catalog RNA molecules function as enzymes)
    - - cell translate an mRNA message into protein
      - transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a ribosome
      - each enables translation of codon into certain amino acid
        
        each has an anticodon on the other end whichh base paisa with a complementary codon on mRNA
      - structure
        
        bc of hydrogen bonds it twist and folds into 3 dimensional molecule
        
        L shaped with 5' and 3' end both located near one end of the structure
        
        3' end acts as an attachment site for an amino acid
        
        wobble allows some tRNA to bind to more than one codon
- - - - unfolded chromatin resembles beads