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Nervous system (Brain (internal anatomy (inside cerebrum reflection…
Nervous system
Brain
acts as main processor
sensory and motor
cerebellum
brain stem
cerebrum
ridges
gyri
grooves
sulci
lobes
anterior lobes separated by central gula frontal lobes are responsible for motor activities
posterior lobe to frontal lobes are parietal lobes
posterior to periental lobes are occipital responsible for vision
lateral sulci
temporal lobes invloved in hearing
insula
deep inside temporal
contralateral
opposite side of brain
lermis
raised ridges
brain stem
stalk like covered by cerebrum
medulla
impulses and reflexes
pons
breathing
midbrain
superior part of brain covered by cerebrum
reticular
wakes up cerebral cortex
meninges
protective membrane
concious with spinal cord mengies
meningititis
infection
fatal
internal anatomy
inside white gray matter and CSF
white surrounded by gray
cortex
layer of gray surrounding white
in cerebrum called cortex
islands of grey matter like nuclei
limbic system
emotion
basal nuclei
motor cordanation
inside cerebrum reflection
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
thought memory
precentral gyrus
anterior to central lobe
map of body brain
motor functions primary
lobe structures
premotor and prefrontral
plan movement
brocas area
movement and speech
contains brain, spinal cord, thinking and decision making, and words
CNS control nervous system
sends directions to organs
epensymell cells
cover and line cavities
microglia
remove debris
oilgodendcocytes
hold nerve fibers
Astrocyte
metabolic and structural support
input sensory system
brings to nervous system
output motor system
how to respond 3 muscles
somatic nervous system controls skeletal and voluntary muscles
fight or flight
somatic nervous system contains skeletal muscle and vouluntary muscle
Automatic system controls smooth and cardiac muscle
divided into parasympathetic system and sympathic nervous system
sodium bits positively charged ions cell becomes more positive as it enters
depolorized
repolarization sodium gates
hyperpolarized cell becomes negative
Pathology connection
Multiple Scerosis
disorder where myelin CNS is destroyed
relapse and remission
chronic progressive just gets worse
Guillain-Berre syndrome
autoimmune attack myelein
Acute initial onset
Plateau phase period of days and weeks stale
recovery phase is recovery
polio
paraysis caused by paliomyelitis
rare
deadly
no cure
causes disability
Post polio syndrome
proggresive weakness several decades after polio
Peripheral Nephropathy
damage to peripheral family of disease
loss of autonomic functions
causes from falls and car accidents
infections and autoimmune disease
Chariot Marie death
most common neurological disorder
1 in 2,500
diagnosis not easy based on history
managed with meds and therapy
spinal cord injuries
car accidents, violence, falls, work injuries, disease
16-30
serving of spinal cord
brusing
crushing
cervical
paralyzed all four limbs
thoratic and lumbar
paralyzed in legs
Pherenic nerve
perosn sometimes can breathe on their own sometimes cannot
sexual function is preserved
Imaging and neurological exam
Acute stadge
clinical attempt to prevent damage
long term problems
Respiratory difficulties, BP problems, Pnemonia, Blood clot, organ dysfuction, pressure sore, pain bladder problems , etc
excessive rehabilitation
brain injury
traumatic
force applied to skull
accident
falls
violence
sports injury
similar to TBI
dizziness confusion, etc more serious vomiting or coma
50% involve drinking
mild concussion
brain injury
closed
skull not open
penetrating
skull punctured by object
concussion
swelling and bleeding hemorrhage
stroke
3rd leading cause of death
disturbance of blood flow
brain tissue die
cerebrovascular accident
major stroke
Transient Ischemic Attack
mini stroke
Hematoma
pool of blood between layers of menageries and skull
epidural
between dura mater and skull
subdural
dura mater and arachnid mater
subarachmoid
subarachnoid space
Glasgow Coma Scale
used to determinate head injury
3-15
ct, mri
lower number more severe
treatment
prevention and further damage
pressure brain tissue swell
acute care
immobilization of head
stabalization of fluids
monitoring intracranial pressure
meds
surgery
4/10 post injuries
Alzhemiers disease
memory loss 65 and up normally
5-18 before deathbegin stadge gradually mild forgettfullness
2nd stage increase in memory loss and difficulty recognizing people etc
3rd stage difficulty speaking reading etc
neurons
body cell metabolism
dendrites receive info and signals to other cells
axon generates and sends signals
axon terminal where signal leaves cell
synapse where axon terminal and cell combine
interneurons or association neurons carry info
cells stimulated sends electrical charge and signals what to do
AP
diameter of axon affects AP flow
Spinal Cord and Spinal nerves
spinal cordallows nerve impulses to travel to brain
12 conus medullaries
cauda equine
31 sections
meninges
protective covering of brain and spinal cord
help to set up layers that act as cushioning and shock absorbs
Outer layer
thick fibrous tissue
dura mater
middle layer
wispy and delicate called arachnid mater
third layer fused to neural tissue
pia mater
spaces
epidural space
fat and blood vessels
subarachnoid
between CSF and Fluid cusion
internal anatomy
median fissure
deep grove
posterior median sulcus
shallow groove
horns
ventral
motor function
lateral
automatic function
dorsal
sensory function
columms
dorsal column tract
sensory info light
spinothlamic tract
posture and postion
spinocrebellar tract
temp and pain
Descending pathways
corticospinal tract
carries orders from brain to motor neurons in ventral horn
corticobulbar tract
carries info from brain to motor neuron
reticullopinal and rubrospinal tract
carries info to help coordinate movement brom brain to spinal horm
left and right halfs of spinal cord connected commissure allow CNS to communicatre
center of CSF fluid is central canal
spinal root
projections from both sides of spinal cord and fuses to spinal spinal nerves
dorsal root
sensory neurons carries sensory info while ventral root motor
nerves
connection with outside world
spinal neuron
nerves connected to spinal cord
form thoratic spinal column projected directly to thoratic body wall
complex braching structures
plexuses
neurons
can use their ability to generate signals
local potential size of amount of stimulus
action potiental is all or none
dendrites carry depolarization to sensory neuon
myelin insulation
synapse
vesicles releases contents from cell
neurotransmitters send signals
chemical synapse
gap junctions types of excitable cell
Motor system
Information moves in opposite direction from brain to spinal cord
second
somatic
autonomic
cerebral cortex
voluntary
plans movement
plans send to to primary motor
orders then sent to spinal cord directly and to coordination system
subcortical structures
plan leaves motor and cortex connects with neurons
motor coordination loop
thalamus, basal nuclei, cerebrum
without movement would be jerky
cerebrum
motor and sensory input and ouput
gets plan about movement and planned movement
function unknown but without movements would be bad
spinal cord pathways
tracts from motor cortex are direct pathways
indirect help coordinate movement
send orders from brain to motor neurons in spinal cord and brain stem
conspiratorial and corticobullar
hitting thumb with hammer reflex causes you to jerk back this is involuntary
pathologies
cerebral palsy
permanent doesn't get worse
damage to motor cortex
risk factors
low, premature, multiple births, and brain injury, lack of oxygen development abnormalities etc
symptoms
increased muscle tone, overactive reflexes, lack of coordination voluntary movement, foot drag, drooling, speech difficulties, fine motor problems, tremor
diagnosis includes observing, imaging, ruling out other causes
treatment physical therapy, assistive devices, drugs, no cure
Parkinson disease
chronic progressive
imparied balance,rigidy, emotional, and cognitive disorders.
caused by disappearance of dopamine neurons which spreads to cerebral cortex
disappearance unknown but viruses, genetics, and malfunctions
diagnosis based on history and physical exam imaging not helpful
treatment drugs dopamine-enchanting and deep brain stimulation
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Lou Gehrigs disease
rapid and fatal
respiratory failure
deadly within 5 years
40 and 60s
amounts to complete paralysis
cause unknown
damage free radicals, toxins, mitochondria problems to blame
excess activity of neuroglia and excessive production of neurotransmitter
diagnosis no test
spastic
muscle rigidity
muscles contract randomly
flaccid
floopy muscle
absent reflex
treatment none but meds help
reflexes
keep you from harm
simplest motor output
involuntary
amazing goes without brain only need spinal cord
Cerebrum
processes sensory information
map of body located posterior to central sulcus in parietal lobe
somatic sensory system
understanding and interpretation for sensory information
wernickles area
understanding of speech
corpus cellosum
white matter connects left and hemiphere
walking and driving
diencepalon
infer to cerebrum
thalmus
relay process going cerebrum
hypothalumus
regulates hormoneslvel, temp, water balance, thirst, etc
pineal body
melatonin
pituitary gland
secrets hormones
cerebrospinal fluid and ventricles
csf circulation
filled with blood in ventricles
choroid plexus
related to blood via ports
symptoms expansion of skull, nausea, vomiting, irratibility, etc
CT or MRI
cranaial nerves
connects to outside world
input and output for brain
31 pairs
peripheral neurpathy
damage to peripheral nerves
symptoms on head around there
Autonomic nervous system
somatic
skeletal muscle
autonomic
involuntary controls physiology such as bP,HR RR, digestion, and sweating
located in lateral horn do not project directly to muscle
none in cervical spinal cord
sympathetic
fight or flight
sym of adrenaline rush
preganglionic neurons located in thoracic and first two lumbar secrete acetylcholine
gangglia form chain structure run parallel to spinal cord
simulates adrenal glands to release hormones causes rush
parasympathetic
brake resting and digesting
everyday activities
decreases BP, HR, increase digestion
craniosacral
neurons and sacralspinal cord
acetylcholine
excites skeletal muscle but inhibits smooth and cardiac muscle
neurons are located in spinal cord and brain stem, they release neurotransmitter acetylcholine, similarities end
synapse ganglion
second motor called post ganglionic projects to smooth muscle
nervous tissue
neuroglia or glial cell
gial not capable of measuring environment
scwann cells make myelin for PNS
satellite cells support cells
Nervous system
central nerves:Brain and Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous system: nerves outside brain and spinal cord
Somatic or voluntary: skeletal muscle
Axon transports info
Autonomic:smmoth and cardiac
Perasympathic branch: daily maintenance and homeostasis
Sympathetic System: aleret
similar to computer
senses
keyboard, mouse, microphone, internet
brain
hard drive
thinking and decision making
central processing unit
words
ports output
Pharmacology Center
blood brain barrier
protective structure of brain consist of walls of capillaries in CNS
prevent to slow down passage for chemical and pathogens
drugs that affect NS
nicotine, morphine, and heroin