Seed Plants
Two major types
Gymnosperms: They do not produce flowers
Angiosperms: They produce flowers
Do not have shell around their seeds
Do not produce flowers
do not produce fruits
Pollinated by wind
Have flowers as reproductive organs.
Have small pollen grains to spread genetic information
Have stamens and carpels
Havesmaller female reproductive parts than non flowering plants
Endosperm production
Gymnosperms plants examples
Cycads
Typically have a stout and woody trunk
Have pinnate leaves
Have crown of large, hard and stiff evergreen leaves.
Individual plants are either all male or all female
Lifecycle 
Have dominant diploid sporophyte phase.
Have pollen grain as small, multicellular, male haploid gametophyte phase of life cycle.
Conifers
Division of vascular plant
Contains single extant called Pinopsida.
Bear cones.
Woody plants with secondary growth
Have needle shaped evergreen leaves
Have seedss attached to the scales of a woody bracted cone
Mostly grown in Northern hemisphere forming taiga or boreal forests.
Lifecycle
They are monoecious plants with male and femlae sporophylls on same mature sporophyte.
Gnetophyta
Consists of some 70 species
Most species are branched shrubs, others are vinelike , or clambering.
Found in dry, cool regions in Eastern and western hemisphere.
life cycle
Flowers and Reproduction #
Complete flowers:Complete flowers have all four floral parts. Examples: China rose, cherry blossoms, flowers on chestnuts.
Sepals
Sepals are the outermost floral appendage.
Are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts.
Protect the flower bud as it develops.
May be colorful.
All the sepals together are referred to as the caly
Petals
Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle.
Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll.
Attract pollinators.
Collectively are a corolla.
Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth.
Absent in wind-pollinated species.
Stamens
Stamens are found above the petals.
Are collectively called as the androecium.
Two parts: anther and its supporting filament.
Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce four microspores.
Microspores form a resistant cell wall and become pollen.
Carpels
Carpels, collectively, are the gynoecium.
Stigma catches pollen grains.
Style elevates the stigma.
Ovary where megaspores are produced.
Within the ovary are placentae bearing small structures called ovules
Incomplete flowers: lack at least one appendage
Also called as imperfect flower. Corn is a common example.
Have only one either male or female reproductive parts.
Imperfect flowers with only pistil are called pistillate and is female.
Imperfect flowers with stamen only are called staminate and considered male flower.
Both staminate and pistillate flower can be grown on same plant or on different plant.
Asparagus, spinach, willow have staminate flower in one plant and pistillate flowers in another plant.
Flowers with either one of the reproductive part in one flower and another in another is called dioecious and with both reproductive part in same plant is monoecious plant.
Posses cross pollination
They look more attractive
Reproduction: Reproduction in plants take place through pollination.
Pollination: transfer of pollen grains from male part to female part of plant for fertilization.
Psychophily, butterfly
Large, showy, pink or lavender flowers like sunflowers.
Hydrophily, water pollinated
Distribute pollen to water surface example Vallisneria's male flower.
Distribute pollens beneath the surface example seagrass
Anemophily, wind pollination examples grasses, sedges, rushes
Pollination by wind give rise to long stamens and pistils, dull colored, unscented, small or no petals.
Melittophily: pollination by bee
Showy, open , bowl shaped flowers like wild roses, sunflowers
showy, complicated, non radially symmetrical flowers like peas, foxgloves
Phalaenophily, moth
Myophily, fly
Ornithophily, bird
Chiropterophily, bat
Cantharophily, beetle
Usually large, greenish or off white in color and heavily scented like Magnolias.