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EMOTIONS (Happiness (Social Comparison (Study: get happy/unhappy people to…
EMOTIONS
Happiness
Social Comparison
upward - compare to those better off
downward - compare to those worse off
Study: get happy/unhappy people to do a test
do better: both happy and unhappy people do downward
if do worse: happy people don't notice, unhappy people do upward
relative deprivation: people usually compare themselves to local peers
Spreading of Alternatives
Study: ask to rate and rank 10 desserts, then gave giftcard to 2nd best, then rank again with pictures
happy people don't do spreading of alt bc "happy"
unhappy people do it to be "right"
resolution of cognitive dissonance - if rank 2 things of same level, and chose 1, then you are likely to push down the other to make sense of why you chose that 1 thing over the other
Money
if alr make enough, more will not equal more happiness
no matter how much money we make, we get used to it
Study: lottery winner and accident victim
"future happiness" category roughly the same
a third of trauma victims refuse to answer future happiness
present victims less happy than others, but remarkably high for them
Money buys happiness when : used for experience and not material, spend money on other people
Genetics
temperament
Friendships/Social Life
Gratitude
Doing Good/Alturism: Feel good do good phenomenon and Do good feel good phenomenon
Happiness improves longevity more than anything else (+9.4 years)
can identify if someone is fake laughing/smiling
Positive psychology: study of human flourishing
subjective wellbeing: subfiend studying self perceived happiness and satisfaction with life
3 pillars: positive wellbeing, positive character, positive group/community/culture
Theories
James-Lange
stimulus -> body response -> experience emotion after perception of body response
"sad because we cry", "fear because heart beat"
James: emphasize viscera (organs), skeletal, muscle
Lange: emphasize circulatory system
Arousal can influence emotions
Facial Feedback: ask people to either hold pen with teeth (smile) or hold pen with lips (frown) and then read comic book
teeth found it funnier than pen
behavior feedback system: the tendency of behavior to influence our own and other's thoughts and feelings
Cannon's Challenge
cannot be true because different emotions may have same arousal
artificial arousal gives no emotional response
organs are too slow and insensitive
if we cut nerves, people still have emotional response
Cannon-Bard
the system for arousal and emotion is simultaneous
travel to sympathetic NS and brain cortex at the same time
Two Factor Theory: Emotion = Arousal +Label/Attribution
Schachter&Singer Exp - spillover effect
inject people with epinephrine or placebo and did not tell them what they injected (said it is for a vision test)
informed some people of the symptoms of the adrenaline, not others
get a person to be in the waiting room with them doing a questionnaire - either euphoric or angry
Results
injected/informed: no emotion for euphoria or anger
injected/uninformed: take on euphoria or anger
placebo/uninformed: slight euphoria or anger
Results differ from expected ( uninformed > placebo = informed)
because attribute real emotion (feel anger when see the next person is angry too) to the shots (say body reaction occurred because of shots, not because I am actually angry)
Excitation Transfer: attribute arousal from one source to a different source
Exp: got a female experimenter to ask men to do surveys on high swinging bridge VS sturdy short bridge, then gave number to "find out about the study results" later
swinging bridge: 9/18 called; sturdy bridge: 2/16 called
Did second exp to correct for directionality - maybe swinging bridge people are more daring?
did study in a place where people had to cross swinging bridge before sturdy bridge - found same results
Why? Because attribute the arousal that was due to fear, as lust instead
Use of euphoria and anger is good because it is high intensity
Can response to Cannon's challenges
cannot be true because different emotions may have same arousal -
label, not arousal that differs
artificial arousal gives no emotional response -
actually artificial arousal can lead to emotion
organs are too slow and insensitive -
minimal arousal required to start labeling emotions
if we cut nerves, people still have emotional response -
study found that this is actually true
if injury to spinal cord is higher up/more nerves cut, more people report not having wholesome emotional experiences, but rather "as if" experiences
reported: anger less intense, but some emotion expressed above the shoulders eg sadness more intensely
Zajonc: ppl can have emotions without interpretation
Emotion travels in high road - need cognition, and low road - neural shortcut directly to amygdala eg fear
eg priming causes people to like a shape better even if they do not recognize it
Lazarus: emotions arise when we appraise it as dangerous/harmless
Emotion: response of the organism involving: physiological arousal, expressive behavior, conscious experience
recent studies show
not all emotions have the same patterns, different emotions have different
physiological signatures
arousal is more of a description of intensity, instead of being all or nothing/existence of an emotion
Two dimensions of emotions
low/high arousal; pleasant/unpleasant
Universal Emotion
Basic emotions are shared across all cultures eg happiness, anger
Exp Paul Ekman went to Papua New Guinea and took pictures of tribe members acting a specific facial expression out
Then showed to US college kids and most guessed correctly
But it is hard to detect lies
we can detect fake smile/laugh though
Biology
uses sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, adrenal gland
emotions can share common bio signatures bc some brain parts serve multiple emotions, but differ in neural pathways
good mood: left frontal lobe
bad mood: right frontal lobe
Izard discovered 10 basic emotions: joy, interest/excitement, anger, surprise, sadness, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt
Anger
triggers fight
How to deal with anger?
individualistic culture promotes venting
catharsis: promotes emotional release to relief aggressive tendencies
will only work if directed at provoker, retaliation is justifiable, provoker is not intimidating
Collectivist culture sees it as a threat to harmony
conc: expressing anger can be relieving if not leave with more negative feelings; also can breed more anger
Can become harmful - increase risk of heart disease
Emotion Cycle
we overestimate the duration of our emotions and underestimate our resiliency and capacity to adapt
face up and downs
