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Schools and Society in the United States (Changes over time (. (1830's…
Schools and Society in the United States
Changes over time
.
1830's - Civil War
Goals/Role of the Teacher
Moral guide, create political rights for freed slaves
Outside Control
Local control of curriculum and teacher certifications
.
Late 1800's - Early 1900's
Goals/Role of the Teacher
Social worker/vocational trainer
Outside Control
Some local control shifting to states with completion of free public education system
.
1920's -1950's
Goals/Role of the Teacher
Promote Americanism against Communism/Fascism
Outside Control
Little local control, individual states set public education requirements
.
1950's
Goals/Role of the Teacher
Educate students to win technological race
Outside Control
Mostly state controlled with influence from courts (Brown v. Board of Topeka, Kansas 1954 ended segregation
.
1960's
Goals/Role of the Teacher
Fighter for War on Poverty
Outside Control
Mostly state controlled, ESEA passed in 1965 giving federal government some control through categorical aid
.
1970's - 1980's
Goals/Role of the Teacher
Guide students into labor market
Outside Control
Mostly state controlled with some federal influence to ensure success of disadvantaged students
.
1990's - 2018
Goals/Role of the Teacher
Educate students for global economy
Outside Control
Curriculum and teacher certifications federally & state controlled, globalization influences goals
Current Goals of Education
Social
Reduce crime through character construction
Increase knowledge in sexual education
Nutrition/health education
Teach community through extracurriculars
Political
Spread common political beliefs
Obeying school rules = obeying the law
Equal opportunity for political positions
Teach voting as way to illicit change
Teach about workings of government
Create patriotic citizens
Illicit community activity
Economic
Human Capital Theory/Consumerism
Better workers increase productivity
Advancement pays for educational investment
Create better future workers
Invest in education
Role of the Teacher
Methods/certifications dictated by federal & state gov't
Shift toward teaching "skills"
Create competitive workers for global economy
Equality of Opportunity
Provide every student equal chance to learn
Equality and Diversity
Policies
Title IV
Originally for females specifically, now requires equal opportunity for all groups in order to receive federal funding
.
Equal Opportunity: all students must have equal chance to learn
1974, Supreme Court ruled help must be provided to students that cannot speak English
Demographic Trends
40.8 million foreign-born citizens in U.S.
As of 2014, nonwhite students outnumber white students
Teacher demographics do not match demographics of American population
Current Policies
State
Sets required teacher certifications
Sets requirements for all school types
Common Core State Standards sets required proficiency by grade, state adoption optional
Federal
Categorical Aid
.
No Child Left Behind
2002: Requires testing in reading & math to ensure equal achievement by disadvantaged groups
.
Race to the Top
2009: Rewarded states with funding for creating legislation for performance-based evaluation of faculty and common state requirements
Trumps state requirements if state accepts funding
Local
School Boards
Local residents elect school board members
Superintendent appointed by school board or by local election
Little control compared to state & federal requirements