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Chapter 12:
Social Psychology
(the study of how a person'a behavior,…
Chapter 12:
Social Psychology
(the study of how a person'a behavior, thoughts, and feelings influence/are influenced by social groups)
Social Influence:
the process through which the presence of others can influence an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behavior
Conformity: changing one's own behavior to match that of other people
- Normative social influence: tendency to act a certain way in order to fit in with (or be accepted by) a group
- Informational social influence: tendency to take cues for how to behave from other people when a situation is an unclear or ambiguous
Sherif's Conformity Experiments (Muzafer Sherif)
- Autokinetic effect: perceptual phenomenon in which a stationary point of light appears to move when viewed in a totally dark environment
-- Participants in dark room asked to estimate how far a point of light had moved
-- Alone in room vs. In room with confederate
Asch's Conformity Experiments (Solomon Asch)
- Conformity decreases when 1) one confederate gave correct answer 2) participants didn't have to say answer out loud
-- One naive participant in room with several confederates
Group Behavior
Groupthink: occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned
Group Polarization: members involved in a group discussion tend to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions when compared to individuals who have not participated in a group discussion
Social Facilitation: positive influence of others on performance
Social Impairment: negative influence of others on performance
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Social Cognition: the mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them
Attitudes: tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation
- affective component (emotional)
- behavioral component
- cognitive component
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Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Crash:
sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's impression
- assumes that dissonance causes anxiety or tension
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Social Interaction
(in-groups vs. out-groups)
*scapegoating: tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members who have little social power or influence
Prejudice and Discrimination
- Prejudice: negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group
- Discrimination: treating people differently (negatively) because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong
- Stereotype: set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular social category
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