Endocrine System
Endocrine Glands and Hormone Secretions
General Functions and Description
Comparison to Nervous System
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Coordinates, regulates, and controls body functions via hormones that are chemical messengers that travel through the circulatory system.
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Signals with neurotransmitters
Site of next action: From axon terminal to synapse
Innervates/controls all 3 types of muscle and glands
Acts quickly with short lasting effects
Acts slow with lasting effects (seconds to days)
Signals with hormones
Site of next action: target cells
Causes a response in target cells
True endocrine gland, produces and releases hormones when stimulated
An outrgrowth of brain; stores not make hormones
Secretes hormone to stimulate release/ inhibition of hormone of anterior pituitary
Synthesizes two hormones in axon terminals
Oxytocin (pitocin)
Vasopressin
stimulates contraction of uterus
(antidiuretic hormone) Controls the kidneys and their water preservation for the body
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Glands
Growth hormone, stimulates growth of all cells and growth at the epiphyseal plates
Thyroid stimulating hormone, stimulates thyroid hormone release
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, stimulates the hormone release from cortex of adrenal glands
Gonadotropins, stimulate hormone production in testes and ovaries
Prolactin, stimulates milk synthesis
Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormones are examples of gonadotropins
Thyroid hormone; when released, increases the rate of metabolism (conversion of nutrients to energy)
Calcitonin; when released decreases the activity of osteoclasts
Not directed by anything else. Independent. Located on posterior thyroid.
Measures blood calcium levels and increases blood calcium level when low
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Secretes glucocorticoids and androgens (which other tissues convert into estrogen and testosterone)
Secretes glucocorticoids to keep blood glucose levels normal and helps to deal with stress
Secretes mineralocorticoids make kidneys reabsorb water and sodium
Outer cortex has three zones that produces different hormones
True endocrine glands include the pineal gland, anterior pituitary gland, and the thyroid and the parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Testes
Has exocrine and endocrine function.
There are endocrine tissues and cells in testes/ovaries, heart, thymus, pancreas, GI tract, kidneys, and placenta
Specialized neurons in the adrenal medulla secrete (nor)epinephrine
Secrete testosterone
Ovaries
Secrete estrgoen and progesterone
Thymus
Secretes thymic hormones
Is above bronchi of lungs and is involved in the endocrine and the immune systems.
Causes the T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent, so they produce an immune response to pathogens
Endocrine function via islet cells
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Secrete glucagon, which when released increases the blood glucose level
Secrete insulin, which when released decreases the blood glucose level