Chapter 7
Section 1
Anatomy- study of form and stucture of organism
Physiology- process of living organisms
Pathophysiology- study of how disease occurs and the body's response
Protoplasm
Basic stuctures of the body
Different diseases
Human body is like an effecient aroganized machine
When the body malfunctions disease occurs
Health care workers need to understand normal body function in order to understand the disease process
Understanding the anatomy and physiology is essential to understanding disease process
Congenital- acquired during development of the infant in the uterus (club foot, cleft lip)
Inherited- transmitted from parent to child (colorblind, hemophilia, down syndrome)
Infectious- caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria or virus (STD, common cold)
Degenerative- caused by age of functions and structures of normal body aging (COPD, heart disease, osteoarthritis)
Basic stucture of life
Made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus
Scientists can combine such elements but cant create life
The fluid living contact of the cell has two divisions (cytoplasm and nucleus)
section 2
Cells
made of protoplasm
microscopic structures
carry on all functions of life
Take in food, oxygen, produce heat and energy
adapt to the environment and eliminate waste
Body contains trillions of cells
Vary in shape and size
Cell parts
Cell membrane
cytoplasm
The outer covering of the cell
Is also called plasma membrane or plasmalemma
is semipermeable
A semifluid inside the cell but outside the nucleus
contains water, proteins, lips, carbohydrates, minerals, salts
is the site for chemical reactions (protection synthesis)
nucleus
A mass foudnin the cytoplasm.
separated by the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
One or more small round bodies located in the nucleolus and important for cell reproduction
Chromatin
Located in the nucleus and made up of DNA and proteins
each one has 30,000 to 45,000 genes
Centorsome
Located in the cytoplasm
contains two centroiles
during mitosis it separates
Mitochondria
Rod shaped organelles lactated throughout the cytoplasm
often refereed to as the power house of the cell
Breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, fats
Golgi apparatus
A stack of membranes located in the cytoplasm
packages secretions for discharge from cells
Section 3
4 types of tissue
Meiosis
Cellular reporduction
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Tissue
Vaculoes
Lysosmes
Pinocystic vesides
Organs and systems
A fine network of tubular structures located in the cytoplasm
Allows for transfer of materials into and out of the nucleus and aids in the making and storage of protein
Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum doesn't contain ribosomes and is not present in all cells
It assists with cholesterol making, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
Pouch like stuctures found throughout the cytoplasm that have a vaclour membrane
Filled with a watery substance, stored food, waste product
Oval or round bodies
Contains digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacterium, foreign materials
Important function of the body is immune system
Fuse with stored food vacioles to convert the food to form that can be used by the mitochondria to produce energy (ATP)
Pocket like folds in cell membrane
Folds allow molecules to enter cell
The folda close to form bubbles in the cytoplasm
When the cell needs energy the vesicles fuse with lysosmes to allow the proteins and fats to be digestive and waste by the mitochondria
Most cells reproduce by splitting into 2 identical cells asexually
Skin cells, blood cells, intestinal tract cells, muscle cells reproduce
Nerve cells do not reproduce
Before mitosis the chromatin material in the nucleus condense to form chromosomes
Each chromosome then has two identical strands called chromatids
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1) When mitosis begins the 2 ventricles in the centersome move to opposite ends of the cell
2) a spindle like thread like fibers trails from the centuries
3) the nuclear membrane disappears and the pairs duplicate chromosomes attach to the spindles at the center of the cell
4) the chromatids then split from their duplicated halves and move to the opposite sides of the cell
5) each end has 46 chromosomes
6) cytoplasm divide and a new cell membrane forms to create two new identical cells
Sex cells divide by meiosis
Process separates a cell into 4 cells
When a female egg or a make cell divides by meiosis the number of chromosomes is reduced to 23
When egg and sperm join they create a zygote
Immediately when sperm and egg join a zygote is formed rapid mitotic division begins
After 4-5 days the zygote is a blastocyst embryonic stem cells found here
These stem cells have the ability to transform themselves into ant of the body's specialized cells and perform many different functions
Many cells have basic parts they vary in shape and size and functions
Cells of the same type joined together for a purpose we all call it tissue
Tissues are 60 to 90 percent water the water is slightly salty and is called tissue fluid
Dehydration- insignificant tissue fluid
Edema-swelling of tissue from excess fluid
Connective
Nerve
Epithelial
Muscle
Covers surface of skin
Supporting fabric of organs
Transport information throughout the body
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth, helps move the body
Organs- two or more tissues joined together
Systems- two or more organs working together