Chapter 7

Section 1

Anatomy- study of form and stucture of organism


Physiology- process of living organisms


Pathophysiology- study of how disease occurs and the body's response

Protoplasm

Basic stuctures of the body

Different diseases

Human body is like an effecient aroganized machine

When the body malfunctions disease occurs

Health care workers need to understand normal body function in order to understand the disease process

Understanding the anatomy and physiology is essential to understanding disease process

Congenital- acquired during development of the infant in the uterus (club foot, cleft lip)

Inherited- transmitted from parent to child (colorblind, hemophilia, down syndrome)

Infectious- caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria or virus (STD, common cold)

Degenerative- caused by age of functions and structures of normal body aging (COPD, heart disease, osteoarthritis)

Basic stucture of life

Made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Scientists can combine such elements but cant create life

The fluid living contact of the cell has two divisions (cytoplasm and nucleus)

section 2

Cells

made of protoplasm

microscopic structures

carry on all functions of life

Take in food, oxygen, produce heat and energy

adapt to the environment and eliminate waste

Body contains trillions of cells

Vary in shape and size

Cell parts

Cell membrane

cytoplasm

The outer covering of the cell

Is also called plasma membrane or plasmalemma

is semipermeable

A semifluid inside the cell but outside the nucleus

contains water, proteins, lips, carbohydrates, minerals, salts

is the site for chemical reactions (protection synthesis)

nucleus

A mass foudnin the cytoplasm.

separated by the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane

Nucleolus

One or more small round bodies located in the nucleolus and important for cell reproduction

Chromatin

Located in the nucleus and made up of DNA and proteins

each one has 30,000 to 45,000 genes

Centorsome

Located in the cytoplasm

contains two centroiles

during mitosis it separates

Mitochondria

Rod shaped organelles lactated throughout the cytoplasm

often refereed to as the power house of the cell

Breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Golgi apparatus

A stack of membranes located in the cytoplasm

packages secretions for discharge from cells

Section 3

4 types of tissue

Meiosis

Cellular reporduction

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Tissue

Vaculoes

Lysosmes

Pinocystic vesides

Organs and systems

A fine network of tubular structures located in the cytoplasm

Allows for transfer of materials into and out of the nucleus and aids in the making and storage of protein

Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum doesn't contain ribosomes and is not present in all cells

It assists with cholesterol making, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

Pouch like stuctures found throughout the cytoplasm that have a vaclour membrane

Filled with a watery substance, stored food, waste product

Oval or round bodies

Contains digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacterium, foreign materials

Important function of the body is immune system

Fuse with stored food vacioles to convert the food to form that can be used by the mitochondria to produce energy (ATP)

Pocket like folds in cell membrane

Folds allow molecules to enter cell

The folda close to form bubbles in the cytoplasm

When the cell needs energy the vesicles fuse with lysosmes to allow the proteins and fats to be digestive and waste by the mitochondria

Most cells reproduce by splitting into 2 identical cells asexually

Skin cells, blood cells, intestinal tract cells, muscle cells reproduce

Nerve cells do not reproduce

Before mitosis the chromatin material in the nucleus condense to form chromosomes

Each chromosome then has two identical strands called chromatids

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1) When mitosis begins the 2 ventricles in the centersome move to opposite ends of the cell

2) a spindle like thread like fibers trails from the centuries

3) the nuclear membrane disappears and the pairs duplicate chromosomes attach to the spindles at the center of the cell

4) the chromatids then split from their duplicated halves and move to the opposite sides of the cell

5) each end has 46 chromosomes

6) cytoplasm divide and a new cell membrane forms to create two new identical cells

Sex cells divide by meiosis

Process separates a cell into 4 cells

When a female egg or a make cell divides by meiosis the number of chromosomes is reduced to 23

When egg and sperm join they create a zygote

Immediately when sperm and egg join a zygote is formed rapid mitotic division begins

After 4-5 days the zygote is a blastocyst embryonic stem cells found here

These stem cells have the ability to transform themselves into ant of the body's specialized cells and perform many different functions

Many cells have basic parts they vary in shape and size and functions

Cells of the same type joined together for a purpose we all call it tissue

Tissues are 60 to 90 percent water the water is slightly salty and is called tissue fluid

Dehydration- insignificant tissue fluid

Edema-swelling of tissue from excess fluid

Connective

Nerve

Epithelial

Muscle

Covers surface of skin

Supporting fabric of organs

Transport information throughout the body

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth, helps move the body

Organs- two or more tissues joined together

Systems- two or more organs working together