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social psychology (Social influence (the process through which the…

- - - - ex. 1912 not enough lifeboats on the Titanic
    - - Leaders should remain impartial
      - Group should seek opinions of people outside the group
      - Vote by secret ballot
  - - - Example: positions of jurors become more extreme after deliberation
        
        Favor mild punishment before --> favor even milder punishment after
        
        Favor severe punishment before --> favor even more severe punishment after
      - Due to normative and informational social influence
  - - - Reduced responsibility
      - Cultural factors
- - - - Participants in dark room asked to estimate how far a point of light had moved
      - Limitation: judgements were inherently ambiguous
      - Alone in room: considerable variation in estimates
      - In room with confederate: less variation
  - - - Participants played their assigned roles
    - - All evaluated and deemed psychologically healthy
  - - - Prediction: no one would administer 450-volt shock
      - Result: 65% of participants did
    - - Participants = “teachers”
      - Confederates = “learners”
- - - - Groups or crowds can offer a sense of anonymity
  - - - Compliance techniques
        
        Foot-in-the-door technique = asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment
        
        Door-in-the-face technique= asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment
        
        Lowball technique = getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment
  - - - the theory of how people make attributions
      - Situational cause: cause of behavior attributed to external factors
      - Dispositional cause: cause of behavior attributed to internal factors
        
        Personality, character, etc.
        
        Delays, action of others, etc.
- - - - Proximity
        
        Physical or geographical nearness
      - Similarity (birds of a feather)
        
        People like people who are similar to themselves
        
        Complementarity is another aspect of this
      - Reciprocity of liking
        
        Tendency of people to like other people who like them in return
    - - a strong affection for another person due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, admiration, or common interests
        
        Intimacy: feelings of closeness/emotional ties
        
        Passion: emotional and sexual arousal
        
        Commitment: decisions about a relationship
      - One component
        
        Liking = intimacy only
        
        Empty love = commitment only
        
        Infatuation = passion only
      - Two components
        
        Companionate love = intimacy + commitment
        
        Romantic love = intimacy + passion
        
        Fatuous love = commitment + passion
      - All three components
        
        Consummate love= intimacy + commitment + passion
        
        Often thought of as ideal love
- - - - Feelings
      - Example: I love dogs and find them adorable
    - - Actions
      - Example: I’m going to adopt a dog as soon as I can
    - - Thoughts
      - Example: I think dogs are among the best possible pets
  - - - Aggression= behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person
        
        Biological influences
        
        Genetics (twin studies)
        
        Amygdala/limbic system
        
        Testosterone and serotonin levels
        
        Alcohol has impact on aggression
        
        Affects brain function, reduces inhibitions
        
        Social influences
        
        Social role = the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position
        
        Violent TV, movies, and video games, etc.
    - - Rejecting social interactions
    - - Altruism= prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself
- - - - Members perceived as “us"
    - - Members perceived as “them”
  - - - set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular social category
      - Not always negative characteristics
      - But even “positive” stereotypes can have negative effect
    - - negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group
      - Forms of prejudice include ageism, sexism, racism, etc.
      - THEORY
        
        Social cognitive theory
        
        Views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences
        
        Realistic conflict theory
        
        Conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination
        
        Social identity theory
        
        Social identity = the part of self-concept including one’s view of self as a member of a particular social category
        
        Social comparison = the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one’s self-esteem
    - - treating people differently (negatively) because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong
- - - - Love-bombing: current members shower recruits with affection and attention
      - Foot-in-the-door: small commitments escalate
      - Isolation: keep recruits busy and away from others
      - Suppression of criticism: doubts seen as undesirable
  - - - iJim Jones: leader of Peoples Temple
      - More than 900 died from cyanide-laced drink
    - - David Koresh: leader of Branch Davidians
      - 76 people died in clash with ATF/FBI
    - - Marshall Applewhite: leader of Heaven’s Gate
      - 39 members died from phenobarbital in applesauce