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Vascular Plants Without Seeds ("Vascular Cryptograms" ("…

- - - - Earliest Vascular Land Plants
      - Now Extinct
      - Short and Simple Upright Stems
      - No Leaves
      - Equal Dichotomous Branching
      - Homosporous
      - Rhiniophytes
    - - Similar to Cooksonia
      - Prostrate Rhizome
      - Upright Naked Stems
      - Terminal Sporangia
      - Cuticle, Stomata, and Guard Cells
    - - Gametophytes
      - No Sporangia
      - Larger and Complex than Common Mosses, etc.
      - Possible Alternate Phase of Rhynia
    - - Sporophytes with Naked Axes
      - Stomata and Terminal Sporangia
  - - - Solid Mass of Xylem
      - No Pith
      - Endarch Prostele
        
        Center Protoxylem
        
        Outeredge Metaxylem
      - Exarch Protostele
        
        Centered Metaxylem
        
        Outside Groups of Protoxylem
      - Siphonostele
        
        Pith Present in Center
        
        Occurs in Ferns and Seed Plants
- - - - Similar to Presumed Ancestors
      - Earliest Lycophytes
      - Larger Enations
        
        Called Mycophylls
        
        Increased Photosynthesis
      - Single Trace of Vascular Tissue
      - Evolution of True Roots
      - Vascular Cambium and Secondary Growth
      - Wood Looked Like Secondary Xylem of Pines
      - Vascular Cambium Cells Couldn't Have Radial Longitudinal Division
  - - - Clustered Sporangia in Compact Groups
    - - Having Both Microspores and Megaspores
  - - - Fairly Common
      - Also Called Ground Pine or Club Moss
    - - Less common
      - Smaller Plants
      - Heterosporous
      - Ligule
        
        Small Flap of Tissue
    - - 60 Species
      - Contains the Quillworts
      - Small, Corn-like Stem
      - Heterosporous
- - - - Unequal Branching
    - - Single Main Trunk
      - Small Lateral Branches
  - - - Megaphyll Evolution
      - Telomes
        
        Ultimate Twigs
        
        Last Dichotomy
      - Sporophyll
        
        Sporangium-Bearing, Leaf-Like Structure
      - Euphyllophytes
        
        Monophyletic Clade
  - - - 15 Extant Species
      - All Herbs
      - No Secondary Growth
      - Small Leaves
      - True Roots
      - Branches Sometimes Present
      - Distinctive Internal Structure
        
        Stems have a Pith
        
        Siphonsteles
        
        Vessels are Rare
        
        Contains Canals
        
        Stomatal Pores and Guard Cells
    - - Umbrella-Shaped
      - Short Stalk
      - Flat, Shield-Shaped Head
      - Compact Spirals Forming a Strobilus
  - - - Leathery or Delicate
      - Small or Large
      - Almost Always Compound
      - Distinct Apical Cell
      - Considerable Amount of Vascular Tissue
      - Dichotomous Veins
      - Photosynthesis and Sporophylls
      - Sori
        
        Located Underside of Leaf
        
        Clusters of Sporangia
        
        Where Meiosis Occurs
    - - Eusporangia
        
        Several Surface Cells Undergo Periclinal Divisions
        
        Fundamental Type of Sporangia
        
        Outer Cells Develop into Sporangium Wall
        
        Inner Cells Proliferate into Sporogenous Tissue
        
        Relatively Large Sporangium, Many Pores
        
        Nearly All Plants
      - Leptosporangia
        
        Initiated by Single Surface Cell Dividing by Periclinal Division
        
        Forms Small, Outward Protrusion
        
        Only Few Spores Produced
        
        Only Occurs in Leptosporangiatae
        
        Small Set of Sporogenous Cells
        
        Thing Covering of Sterile Cells