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Flowers and Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction: In angiosperms involves…
Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction 
Fragmentation: A large spreading or vining plant grows to several meters in length, and individual parts become self-sufficient by establishing adventitious roots. If middle portions of the plant die, the ends become separated and act as individuals.
Sexual Reproduction: In angiosperms involves flowers, which produce the necessary cells and structures
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Flower Structure: Flower is basically a stem with leaf like structure, never become woody; secondary growth does not occur
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Receptacle: The very end of the axis, where the other flower parts are attached
Complete Flower: Which have all four types of floral appendages
Sepals: The lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages, they are modified leaves that surround and enclose the other flower parts as they mature
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Petals: Above the sepals on the receptacle are petals, which together make up the corolla
They are also leaf-like, being broad, flat and thin, but they differ from leaves in that they contain pigments other than chlorophyll, have fewer or no fibers, and tend to be thinner and more delicately constructed
Stamens: Above the petals are stamens, known collectively as the androecium. They are frequently referred as the "male part" of the flower because they produce pollen.
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Anther: WShere pollen is actually produced, as part of the sporophyte, the anther is composed of diploid cells, and in each anther, four long columns of tissue become distinct as somme cells enlarge and prepare for meiosis
Tapetum: Layer of Neighboring anther cells, acts as nurse cells, contributing to microspore development and maturation
Pollen: An especially resistant wall which is microspores initially that remain together in a tetrad, but separate, expand to a characteristics shape
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Gametophytes
Microgametophytes: Microspores develop into microgametophytes, in all angiosperm each microgametophyte is very small and simple, consisting of at most three cells located within the original pollen cell wall
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Megagametophytes: Within the ovule the surviving megaspore develops into a megagametophyte; technical term for megagametophyte is embryo sac
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Fertilization
Plasmogamy: Involvement of both syngamy of sperm and egg; fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes
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Double fertilization: The process in which both sperm nuclei undergo fusions - one with the egg nucleus and the other with the polar nuclei
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Fruit Development: As the ovule develops into a seed, the ovary matures into a fruit
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Endocarp: Innermost layer, maybe tough like stones or pit of a cherry or it may be thin
Pericarp: The entire fruit wall, whether composed of one or two, or all three layers
Carpels: Constitute the gynoecium, located at the highest level on the receptacle
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Inflorescence and Pollination
Determinate Inflorescence: It has only a limited potential for growth because the inflorescence apex is converted to a flower , ending its possibilities for continued growth
Indeterminate Inflorescence: The lowest or outermost flowers are open first, and even while these flowers are open, new flowers are still being initiated at the apex
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