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Introduction to General Botany (Cellular respiration, Photosynthesis light…

- - - - Liverwort: A non flowering plant with leaflike stems .
        
        Reproduced by spores formations
        
        Lack true roots
        
        Occurs in moist habitat .
      - Moss
        
        Non flowering and spores producing
        
        Grows from gametophyte
        
        Consists of leaves and stems
      - Hornwort
        
        consists of the division Anthocerotophyta.
        
        Gametophyte is the body part
        
        Found in tropical forest
- - - - Commensalism: One benefitted and other is unaffected
      - Mutualism: Both benefitted
      - Parasitism and Predation: One is benefitted and other is harmed
      - Competition; Both species are harmed
- - - - Gametophyte: begins with spores that germinate into prothalli and ends with the fertilization of female gametes by male sperm.
      - Sporophyte: starts with the fertilized eggs that develop into spore producing plant
  - - - 1.Spores bearing
      - Grassy, spikelike leaves and mostly found in swampy, cooler parts of North America and Eurasia.
      - Sporangium present in the inner leaf surface
      - Occurance of ligule
  - - - 1.Falls under genus selaginella
      - Widly distributed all over world mostly in tropic area
      - Most are forest plants while some grow on trees and some in dry areas.
      - 4.Leaves are clustered in spikes or strobili.
- - - - A.Simple leaf: Leaf without any other other smaller leaflet units. Attached to twig by stem or the petiole.
      - B.Compound leaf: leaf with two or more distinct blades or leaflets joined to a single stem.
      - 1.leaf blade: usually flat part of the leaf.
      - 2.Petoile or stalk: joins a leaf to a stem
      - Palisade layer: Contains chloroplast
        
        Xylem: carry water and minerals from roots through stem and leaf
        
        Phloem: carry sugar and starch from leaf to roots for storage
        
        Spongy mesophyll layer: major site of photosynthesis
        
        Cuticle: thin waxy layer covering upper epidermis to prevent water loss
        
        Upper epidermis: single layer of clear cell to allow light pass and prevent water loss
        
        Air space: Exchane of carbon dioxide and oxygen
        
        Lower epidermis: contains stomata to allow transpiration and guard cells
- - - - Large, showy, pink or lavender flowers like sunflowers.
    - - Distribute pollen to water surface example Vallisneria's male flower.
      - Distribute pollens beneath the surface example seagrass
    - - Pollination by wind give rise to long stamens and pistils, dull colored, unscented, small or no petals.
    - - Showy, open , bowl shaped flowers like wild roses, sunflowers
      - showy, complicated, non radially symmetrical flowers like peas, foxgloves
    - - Usually large, greenish or off white in color and heavily scented like Magnolias.
- - - - Stages of ovule formation according to Telome concept
        
        Telome truss comprising of fertile and sterile telomes
        
        Heterangy and Heterospory
        
        Megasporangium surrounded by sterile telomes.
        
        Pre- ovule
- - - - Have dominant diploid sporophyte phase.
      - Have pollen grain as small, multicellular, male haploid gametophyte phase of life cycle.
  - - - They are monoecious plants with male and femlae sporophylls on same mature sporophyte.