Societies at Crossroads

JAPAN

series of unequal treaties forced them to open for intuding foreigners

Europe wanted commercial and diplomatic relations

Established a constituional monarchy

Repressed labor movements #

Modern communication, transportation, educational infraestrucuture with telegraph, railroads and steamship lines #

Tokugawa's Mizuno Todakun launched conservative reforms #

Meiji restoration sent Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirubumi to US and Europe, looked to industrial lands

CHINA

RUSSIA

Problems

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Political and economical equality with Europe #

Rid themselves of the unequal treaties

GRAIN TAX: monetary and evaluated by potential productivity of the land

Suggestions

Benefits

Rebellions

  • The Crimean War (1853-1856)
  • Terrorism emerges as a tool of opposition
  • Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05
  • Revolution of 1905: triggered by costly Russian defeat by Japan

Industrilization like (The Witte system and Railroad construction) #

  • Serfs gained right to land
  • Collapse of an empire under Tsar Nicholas II

Benefits and Drawbacks

  • Emancipation of serfs in 1861 by Alexander II, It did not increase agriculture production
  • Industrial discontent intensified, Rapid industrialization fell hardest on working classes
  • Antigovernment protest and revolutionary activity increased in 1870s
  • Revolution of 1905, Bloody Sunday massacre,
    Peasants seized landlords' property; workers formed soviets and Tsar forced to accept elected legislature
  • Authoritism of ksar, only nobles owned land and didn’t they have to pay taxes
  • Serfdom: “slavery”
  • Emancipation Manifesto
  • Abolished Serfdom (Alexander II)

Screen Shot 2018-11-27 at 10.37.38 PM Russo-Japanese War 1904-05

Screen Shot 2018-11-27 at 10.36.58 PM Tsar Alexander II

Ottoman declining

Ottoman forces behind European armies in war tactics

Janissary corps were undisciplined, and corrupt

When governors started gaining power they privatized the armies

Economic # #

Less trade since Europeans shifted to Atlantic ocean

Ottomans were exporting raw material, and importing manufactured goods.

The Ottomans were necessitating a lot of loans

The foreigners started to take care of the Ottomans loans

Europeans dominated Ottomans

Europeans ship their own resources to Ottomans ports , and they dint need to pay the taxes

Ottomans begin to be dependent "loans"

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Reforms

Attempt to reform military led to Janissaries revolt

After the revolt Mahmud II became Sultan

Janissaries resisted and Mahmud II killed them

Mahmud II built Schools,Academic, roads, for the armie

China

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Problems

Reforms

Benefits & Drawbacks

Impact, Influence, & Consequences

Imperial pressure

Unprepared Military

Weak economies

Needing of reformation

Conservative regimens

By the end of the 18th century the Qing dynasty had lost control of its economy and much of its territorial sovereignty.

Closed economies and society, meaning that they had little contact with the outside world and they fell behind on industrialization.

#

The Opium war started in 1839 by the British, and quickly showed the military advanted that the British had compared to China, the military statement was ended by the British when they struck the Grand Canal and China was defeated in 1842

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The Hundred-Days reforms (1898)

Two Confucian scholars advised radical changes in imperial system

The emperor Guangxu inspired to launch wide-range reforms

Movement crushed by Cixi and supporters causing the emperor to be imprisoned and the reformers were killed.

The Self-Strengthening Movement (1860-1895)

Rebelions & Uprisings

The Taiping rebellion (Great Peace)1850-1864, it was started by Hong Xiuquan

Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901, anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian

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foreign powers dismantled chinese tributary states

  • France took Vietnam into its empire
  • Great Britain took Burma
  • Japan forced China to recognize Korea as independent aswell as Cede Taiwain and Liaodong
  • Powers carved China into spheres of economic influence
  • Qing granted powers for railroad and mineral development

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Chinese self strengthening movement

Local leaders promoted military and political reform (raised troops, ran bureaucracies, built railroads, shipyards, academies)

Decline in starvation

Only superficial change (cixi diverted funds to navy, industrialization meant leaving confucian values)

Equality of men and women

During the Taiping Rebellion increasing poverty and discontent among peasants and couldn't support the population growth widespread corruption and drug addiction

Taiping program banned private property, communal wealth, prohibition of foot binding and concubinage, free public education, literacy for the masses

Key
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