Societies at Crossroads
JAPAN
series of unequal treaties forced them to open for intuding foreigners
Europe wanted commercial and diplomatic relations
Established a constituional monarchy
Repressed labor movements #
Modern communication, transportation, educational infraestrucuture with telegraph, railroads and steamship lines #
Tokugawa's Mizuno Todakun launched conservative reforms #
Meiji restoration sent Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirubumi to US and Europe, looked to industrial lands
CHINA
RUSSIA
Problems
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Political and economical equality with Europe #
Rid themselves of the unequal treaties
GRAIN TAX: monetary and evaluated by potential productivity of the land
Suggestions
Benefits
Rebellions
- The Crimean War (1853-1856)
- Terrorism emerges as a tool of opposition
- Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05
- Revolution of 1905: triggered by costly Russian defeat by Japan
Industrilization like (The Witte system and Railroad construction) #
- Serfs gained right to land
- Collapse of an empire under Tsar Nicholas II
Benefits and Drawbacks
- Emancipation of serfs in 1861 by Alexander II, It did not increase agriculture production
- Industrial discontent intensified, Rapid industrialization fell hardest on working classes
- Antigovernment protest and revolutionary activity increased in 1870s
- Revolution of 1905, Bloody Sunday massacre,
Peasants seized landlords' property; workers formed soviets and Tsar forced to accept elected legislature
- Authoritism of ksar, only nobles owned land and didn’t they have to pay taxes
- Serfdom: “slavery”
- Emancipation Manifesto
- Abolished Serfdom (Alexander II)
Russo-Japanese War 1904-05
Tsar Alexander II
Ottoman declining
Ottoman forces behind European armies in war tactics
Janissary corps were undisciplined, and corrupt
When governors started gaining power they privatized the armies
Less trade since Europeans shifted to Atlantic ocean
Ottomans were exporting raw material, and importing manufactured goods.
The Ottomans were necessitating a lot of loans
The foreigners started to take care of the Ottomans loans
Europeans dominated Ottomans
Europeans ship their own resources to Ottomans ports , and they dint need to pay the taxes
Ottomans begin to be dependent "loans"
click to edit
Reforms
Attempt to reform military led to Janissaries revolt
After the revolt Mahmud II became Sultan
Janissaries resisted and Mahmud II killed them
Mahmud II built Schools,Academic, roads, for the armie
China
click to edit
Problems
Reforms
Benefits & Drawbacks
Impact, Influence, & Consequences
Imperial pressure
Unprepared Military
Weak economies
Needing of reformation
Conservative regimens
By the end of the 18th century the Qing dynasty had lost control of its economy and much of its territorial sovereignty.
Closed economies and society, meaning that they had little contact with the outside world and they fell behind on industrialization.
The Opium war started in 1839 by the British, and quickly showed the military advanted that the British had compared to China, the military statement was ended by the British when they struck the Grand Canal and China was defeated in 1842
click to edit
The Hundred-Days reforms (1898)
Two Confucian scholars advised radical changes in imperial system
The emperor Guangxu inspired to launch wide-range reforms
Movement crushed by Cixi and supporters causing the emperor to be imprisoned and the reformers were killed.
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1860-1895)
Rebelions & Uprisings
The Taiping rebellion (Great Peace)1850-1864, it was started by Hong Xiuquan
Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901, anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian
click to edit
foreign powers dismantled chinese tributary states
- France took Vietnam into its empire
- Great Britain took Burma
- Japan forced China to recognize Korea as independent aswell as Cede Taiwain and Liaodong
- Powers carved China into spheres of economic influence
- Qing granted powers for railroad and mineral development
click to edit
Chinese self strengthening movement
Local leaders promoted military and political reform (raised troops, ran bureaucracies, built railroads, shipyards, academies)
Decline in starvation
Only superficial change (cixi diverted funds to navy, industrialization meant leaving confucian values)
Equality of men and women
During the Taiping Rebellion increasing poverty and discontent among peasants and couldn't support the population growth widespread corruption and drug addiction
Taiping program banned private property, communal wealth, prohibition of foot binding and concubinage, free public education, literacy for the masses
Key
[---] Similarities
Taiping Rebellion