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Societies at Crossroads (JAPAN (series of unequal treaties forced them to…
Societies at Crossroads
JAPAN
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Repressed labor movements #
Modern communication, transportation, educational infraestrucuture with telegraph, railroads and steamship lines #
Tokugawa's Mizuno Todakun launched conservative reforms #
Meiji restoration sent Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirubumi to US and Europe, looked to industrial lands
Political and economical equality with Europe #
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RUSSIA
Problems
- Authoritism of ksar, only nobles owned land and didn’t they have to pay taxes
- Serfdom: “slavery”
Suggestions
- Emancipation Manifesto
- Abolished Serfdom (Alexander II)
Benefits
Industrilization like (The Witte system and Railroad construction) #
- Serfs gained right to land
- Collapse of an empire under Tsar Nicholas II
Rebellions
- The Crimean War (1853-1856)
- Terrorism emerges as a tool of opposition
- Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05
- Revolution of 1905: triggered by costly Russian defeat by Japan
Benefits and Drawbacks
- Emancipation of serfs in 1861 by Alexander II, It did not increase agriculture production
- Industrial discontent intensified, Rapid industrialization fell hardest on working classes
- Antigovernment protest and revolutionary activity increased in 1870s
- Revolution of 1905, Bloody Sunday massacre,
Peasants seized landlords' property; workers formed soviets and Tsar forced to accept elected legislature
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Ottoman declining
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Janissary corps were undisciplined, and corrupt
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Ottomans were exporting raw material, and importing manufactured goods.
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Reforms
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Mahmud II built Schools,Academic, roads, for the armie
Problems
Imperial pressure
By the end of the 18th century the Qing dynasty had lost control of its economy and much of its territorial sovereignty.
Unprepared Military
The Opium war started in 1839 by the British, and quickly showed the military advanted that the British had compared to China, the military statement was ended by the British when they struck the Grand Canal and China was defeated in 1842
Weak economies
Closed economies and society, meaning that they had little contact with the outside world and they fell behind on industrialization.
Needing of reformation
During the Taiping Rebellion increasing poverty and discontent among peasants and couldn't support the population growth widespread corruption and drug addiction
Conservative regimens
Taiping program banned private property, communal wealth, prohibition of foot binding and concubinage, free public education, literacy for the masses
Reforms
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Movement crushed by Cixi and supporters causing the emperor to be imprisoned and the reformers were killed.
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Benefits & Drawbacks
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Local leaders promoted military and political reform (raised troops, ran bureaucracies, built railroads, shipyards, academies)
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Only superficial change (cixi diverted funds to navy, industrialization meant leaving confucian values)
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Impact, Influence, & Consequences
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- France took Vietnam into its empire
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- Japan forced China to recognize Korea as independent aswell as Cede Taiwain and Liaodong
- Powers carved China into spheres of economic influence
- Qing granted powers for railroad and mineral development
Rebelions & Uprisings
The Taiping rebellion (Great Peace)1850-1864, it was started by Hong Xiuquan
Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901, anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian
Russo-Japanese War 1904-05
Tsar Alexander II
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Taiping Rebellion
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