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Unit 5: Artificial Intelligence (tasks that seem to require intelligence,…
Unit 5: Artificial Intelligence
Coping with Human Limitations
Moving beyond human
physical limitations
a
Expanders & Enhancers of
Human ‘Brainpower’
AI began
Greek
mythology
Ancient History
Frankenstein
to create life
Modern History
John McCarthy(1956)
coined the term
"artificial intelligence"
topic of the
Dartmouth Conference
tasks that seem to require intelligence
Speech Recognition
Smell
Intuition
Inferencing
Learning New Skills
Decision Making
Abstract Thinking
Focus of Intelligence in AI
the ability to
employ knowledge
drawing
conclusions
acquiring
knowledge,skills,
experience or values
generate new ideas or
conceive new perspectives
inner
knowledge
Understanding AI (1995)
Definitions
Thought Processes & Reasoning
computers think..machines with minds
Possible Goals to Pursue... (Russell & Norvig, 1995)
system can
think like humans
how it gets the answer
3 more items...
think rationally
Laws of thought
1 more item...
do not think
simply calculate
act like humans
Speech recognition
robotics
Turing Test - Proposed by Alan Turing (1950)
1 more item...
act rasionally
acting so as to achieve one's
goals, given one's beliefs
1 more item...
associate with human thinking
Cognitive Skills
(Human-Like Capabilities)
Required of
Intelligent Machine
Natural Language Processing
Knowledge Representation
Automated Reasoning
Machine Learning
Historical Background:
19th – 20th Century
Joseph Marie Jacquard
The Jacquard Loom
Ancestor of Computer
allow any pattern, no matter how complex, to be automatically woven
onto fabric
using set of punched cards to
govern the warp thread control system
Charles Babbage
Analytical Engine
Idea for Giant Calculating Machine
an advanced calculating
machine to calculate & print
mathematical tables in 1812.
Never built
except for a trial piece
before his death in 1871
continued the effort which led to
the development of Mark 1
the
world’s first program-controlled
calculator
Howard Aiken
Alan Turing
Turing’s Proposal
Automated Computing Engine (1946)
Essential aspects of computer
Erasable memory
Convert binary form of
calculations to decimal form of
input & output
Central arithmetic part to carry
out fundamental arithmetic
process
Logical control
Advantages
Speed
Avoid human error
Can carry out complicated task
Father of
Computer Science
Turing Machine: (Hypothetical)
The Turing Test: Revisited
John von Neumann
Electronic Numeral Integrator & Calculator (ENIAC)
primary
computing engine for the US
army (WW 2)
calculate the
speed & trajectory of
bombs & missiles
calculate artillery tables
making it possible to aim
artillery at specific targets
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)
Used at the Ballistic Research Laboratories
at Aberdeen, Maryland.
operational
until December 1962