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THEORIES OF DEMOCRACIES (DELIBRATIVE DEMOCRACY (EXPONENTS OF D.D (AMARTYA…

- - - - PROTECTIVE MODEL
        
        JOHN LOCKE AND BENTHAM
        
        DEMOCRACY IS REQUIRED AS PROTECTION OF RIGHTS
      - DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL
        
        JS MILL
        
        DEMOCRACY IS NECESSARY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A PERSON
  - - - ROBERT MICHELS: HELD THAT "OLIGARCHY IS THE IRON LAW"
      - ELITIEST THEORY ALSO CALLED MARKET MODEL(SCHUM PETER)
        
        IT COMES NEAR TO ECONOMIC THEORY OF DEMOCRACY GIVEN ANTHONY DOWNS
        
        HELD THAT DEMOCRACY IS LIKE MARKET
        POLITICIAN IS LIKE POLITICAL ENTERPRENUER
        VOTERS ARE LIKE CONSUMER
        ONLY ROLE VOTER PLAY IS IN THE SELECTION OF ELITES..
        HENCE POWER LIES WITH ELITES
      - ALSO CALLED PROCEDURAL THEORY OF DEMOCRACY
        
        DEMOCRACY AS A PROCEDURE FOR ELECTION OF REPRESENTATIVES
    - - ROBERT DAHL: GAVE THEORY OF POLYARCHY
        
        HELD THAT POLYARCY ARE APPROXIAMATE DEMOCRACY
        
        FEATURES OF POLYARCHY:
        
        RULE OF LAW
        
        FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
        
        FREEDOM OF PRESS
        
        FREE AND FAIR ELCTION
        
        RIGHT TO DISSENT
        
        INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY
        
        FREEDOM TO FORM ASSOCIATION
      - USA , JAPAN, INDIA, CANNADA ARE EXAMPLES OF POLYARCHIES
- - - - ACC. TO MACHPHERSON POWER HAS 2 DIMENSIONS
        
        EXTRACTIVE POWER: COERCIVE IN NATURE..
        FORCING SOMEONE TO DO
        
        DEVELOPMENTAL POWER: DEVELOPMENT OF CAPACITY
      - IN WESTERN COUNTRIES
        
        CAPITALIST HAVE MAX. DEVELOPMENTAL AS WELL AS MAX. EXTRACTIVE POWER
        AND WORKER NEITHER HAVE DEVELOPMENTAL NOR EXTRACTIVE POWER
        
        HENCE THESE DEMOCRACIES ARE NOT EGALITARIAN
        
        SO WESTERN COUNTRIES SHOULD MOVE TOWARDS WHERE NO BODY HAVE EXTRACTIVE POWER BUT EVERYONE HAS DEVELOPMENTAL POWER
        
        LOOK FOR DIAGRAM IN NOTES
- - - - BUT WITH GROWTH OF POPULATION & RISE OF MODERN COMPLEX SOCIETY REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY BECOME INEVITABLE
    - - HOWEVER HE WAS CONCERNED ABOUT REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY BECOMING TYRANNY OF MAJORITY
        SO MILL PROPOSED VARIOUS REFORMS
      - ONE OF CHALLENGE OF REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
        IS HOW TO ENSURE REPRESENTATIVENESS
    - - DELEGATE MODEL: BENTHAM
        
        ACC. TO THEM REPRESENTATIVE SHOULDN'T HAVE FREEDOM TO TAKE INDEPENDENT ACTIONS
        THEY SHOULD STICK TO THE MANDATE GIVEN BY VOTERS
      - ENLIGHTED MODEL: JS MILL
        
        REPRESENTATIVE SHOULD HAVE AUTONOMY BECOZ THEY HAVE MORE EXPERIENCE OF POLITICS THAN ORDINARY PERSON
        
        EDMUND BURKE HELD THAT PARLAIMENT IS NOT A PLACE FOR ADVANCEMENT OF LOCAL INTEREST
        
        IT IS AN ASSEBLY TO NATION AND NATIONAL PRESPECTIVE SHOULD SHAPE CHOICES
    - - MAJORITARIAN(FOR SINGLE MEMBER CONSTITUENCY)
        
        PLUARALITY OR SIMPLE MAJORITARIAN
        
        FIRST PAST THE POST OR WINNER TAKES ALL
        
        LOK SABHA AND MLA ELCTIONS IN INDIA THROUGH THIS METHOD
        
        DISADVANTAGE:
        
        LEAST REPRESENTATIVE
        
        CANDIDATE MAY BE SELECTED BY A MINORITY OF PEOPLE
        
        WASTAGE OF VOTES
        
        2ND BALLOT
        
        PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN FRANCE.. WINNING CANDIDATE REQUIRE ABSOLUTE MAJORITY 50%+1
        
        IF ANY PERSON DON'T GET ABSOLUTE MAJORITY THAN 2ND ROUND OF ELECTION IS HELD WITH TOP 2 CANDIDATES ONLY
        
        UNNECESSARY EXPENDITURE
        UNNECESSAY BURDEN ON ELECTION MACHINARY
        
        ALTERNATE VOTE SYSTEM
        
        IN AUSTRALIA: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE
        
        PURPOSE IS AVOID HOLDING ELCTION FOR 2ND TIME
        
        IF NO CANDIDATE WIN IN 1ST ROUND ..
        
        THAN CANDIDATE WHO IS LEAST PREFEREED WILL BE ELIMINATED.. AND THE 2ND PREFRENCE IN BALLOT PAPER IN WHICH LEAST PREFERED CANDIDATE WAS 1ST PREF. ,WILL BE ADDED TO THE REPECTIVE QUOAS OF VOTES FOR 2ND COUNTING
        
        A PREFRENCE OF VOTES IS GIVEN
      - PROPOSTIONAL
        
        SINGLE TRANSFERABLE VOTE
        
        FOR WINNING ELECTION CANDAITE NEEDS TO GET QUOTA OF VOTES
        
        WHICH IS [{TOTAL VALUE OF VOTES/(NO. OF SEATS + 1) } :heavy_plus_sign: 1]
        
        PURPOSE TO MAKE ELCETORAL SYSTEM MORE AND MORE REPRESENTATIVE
        
        LIST SYSTEM
        
        MOST REPRESENTATIVE
        
        ENTIRE COUNTRY TREATED LIKE A SINGLE CONSTITUENCY
        
        EACH PARTY WILL BRING LIST OF CANDIDATES
        
        DISADVANTAGE: VOTING FOR PARTY IDEOLOGY NOT FOR CANDIDATE
    - - ROSSAU HELD : ENGLISHMEN IS FREE ONCE IN A FIVE YEARS(PEOPLE HAVE POWER ONLY AT TIME OF ELECTION)
      - MANY INDIAN LEADERS LIKE:
        
        JP NARAYAN,GANDHI, MN ROY
        
        WERE CRITIC OF REPRESENATIVE DEMOCRACY
        AND SUPPORTED PARTY LESS DEMOCRACY
  - - - IT MEANS DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION
      - WHERE MASSES PARTICIPATE IN LAW MAKING
    - - GOOD GOVERNANCE IS NOT POSSIBLE W/O PARTICIPATION OF PEOPLE
        
        PARTICIPATION ENSURES ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPERANCY
      - PD HAS A EDUCATIVE VALUE:
        
        WHEN PEOPLE PARTICIPATE IN DEMOCRACY THEY UNDERSTAND GOVERNANCE, THEIR RESPONSIBILTIES & PROBLEM IN GOVERNANCE
    - - REFRENDUM
      - INITIATIVE
      - RECALL
      - RTI
      - CITIZEN CHARTER
      - SOCIAL AUDITING
      - WATCHDOG LIKE : NHRC, LOKPAL, DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALIZATION, DEVOLUTION OF POWER TO LOCAL GOVERNANCE
    - - ROSSAEU:
        
        ONLY WITH PARTICIPATION OF OF PEOPLE THAT GENERAL WILL BE FILTERED
      - GEORGE WASHINGTON
        
        WAS ALSO A CRITIC OF PART SYSTEM
      - SIMILAR VIEW OF GANDHI, J.P NARYAN, MN ROY
      - JS MILL
        
        DIRECT DEMOCRACY IDEAL TYPE AND REPRESENATIVE DEMOCRACY : 2ND BEST
      - HABER MASS
        
        GIVEN CONCEPT OF PUBLIC SPHERE
        
        ACC. TO HIM REAL STRENGTH OF DEMOCRACY IN WESTERN COUNTRIES
        
        COMES FROM PUBLIC SPHERE (PEOPLE ENTERING INTO DISCCUSSIONS AND DEBATE)
        
        NOT PARLIAMENT BUT THIER DOMOCRATIC CULTURE
      - ACC.TO AMARTYA SEN:
        
        PD REQUIRES CAPACITY BUILDING & CONDUSIVE ENVIRONMENT
    - - 73RD CONSAA. + RESERVATION FOR WEAKER SECTION HASN'T ENSURED PARTICIPATION
- - - - THIS LEADING TO DISTORTION OF DEMOCRACY(TYRANNY OF MAJORITY))
  - - - J.S MILLBECOZ TYRAANY OF ONE IS NOT JUSTIFIED OVER ALL
        SIMILARLY TYRAANY OF MAJORITY EVEN ON ANYONE IS NO JUSTIED
      - LIKE ORDINANCE MAKING, ANTI DEFECTION LAW ARE NOT IN SYNC WITH DELIBRATIVE DEMOCRACY
      - COILATION FORM OF GOVT. IS SYNC WITH D.D
        
        PROBLEM IN INDIA IS CORRUPTION, LACK OF POLITICS, AND ETHICS
        
        THAT MADE PARLIAMENT DEFUNCT DURING COILATION YEARS IN INDIAN POLITICS
        
        THERE IS LACK OF POLITICAL CULTURE IN INDIA
  - - - ORDINARY PEOPLE DELIBRATING CAN ARRIVE AT BETTER DECISION RATHER THAN EXPERT
    - - FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXP IS THE MOST IMP. RIGHT
    - - RATIONAL PEOPLE HAVING DIIFERNT DOCTRINES CAN COME UP TO A COMMEN SET IDEAS
    - - IDEA OF PUBLIC REAONING
        
        PUBLIC REASONING IS PUBLIC DEBATE
        
        W/O PUBLIC REASONING THE GOVT. CAN'T BE PUSHED TO TAKE ACTIONS
        
        FOR EG:
        
        ACC. TO HIM: THE REASON FOR NEGLECT OF PUBLIC HEALTH : IS THAT HEALTH IS MISSING FROM PUBLIC DEBATE
      - PUBLIC REASONING IS MUST FOR A WELL ORDERED SOCIETY
    - - GIVEN THEORY OF
        
        COMMUNICATIVE ACTION
        
        PEOPLE IN IDEAL SPPECH SITUATION : ARE ACCOUNTABLE TO EACH OTHER
        
        PUBLIC SPHERE
        
        ACC. TO HIM REAL STRENGTH OF DEMOCRACY IN WESTERN COUNTRIES
        
        COMES FROM PUBLIC SPHERE (PEOPLE ENTERING INTO DISCCUSSIONS AND DEBATE)
        
        NOT PARLIAMENT BUT THIER DOMOCRATIC CULTURE
        
        IDEAL SPEECH SITUTION
        
        A SITUATION WHERE NO OTHER FORCE EXIST EXCEPT THE FORCE OF ARGUMENT... ALL HAVE EQUAL RIGHT OT SPPECH
    - - CONCEPT OF ZOONPOLITICON
    - - CONDITION FOR D.D
        
        RESPECT FOR PLURALISM OF VALUES IN SOCIETY
        
        PEOPLE ACCEPT THAT DELIBRATION IS SOURCE OF LEGITIMACY
        
        NON COERCIVE ENVIRONMENT
      - ADVANTAGE OF D.D
        
        BEST WAY TO DEAL WITH DISAGREEMENT
        
        BEST WAY TO SECURE THE LEGITIMACY OF COLLECTIVE ACTON
        
        BETTER POLICIES
        
        PUBLIC EDUCATION
        
        ENLARGE OUR INDERSTANDING OF ISSUES
        
        DEVELOPMENT OF TRUST
        
        STRENGTHENING OF DEMOCRACY
        
        MAKE DEMOCRACY CONSOCIATIONAL