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DEMOCRACY (INTRODUCTION (ACC. TO FARID ZAKARIA: (CONSTITTUTIONALISM SHOULD…

- - - - RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY
      - RESPECT FOR INDIVIDUALITY
      - CULTURE OF RIGHTS, TOLERATION AND RATIONALISM
  - - - CONSTITUTIONAISM MEANS: RULE OF LAW
    - - THAN UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISSE WAS INTRODUCED
    - - REASON FOR FAILURE OF DEMOCRACY IN 3RD WORLD COUNTRIES IN ABSENCE OF CONSTITUTIONALISM
  - - - 1ST WAVE
        
        STARTED IN 17TH CENTURY WHERE WESTERN COUNTRIES GOT DEMOCRATISED
      - 1ST REVERSE WAVE
        
        IN FIRST HALF OF 20TH CENTURY THERE HAS BEEN REVERSE WAVE OF DEMOCRACY
        
        LIKE IN ITALY, GERMANY, PORTUGAL SPAIN CAME UNDER DICTATORSHIP
      - 2ND WAVE:
        
        STARTED AFTER 2ND WORLD WAR... WHERE MOST OF THE COUNTRIES BECAME DEMOCRATIC
      - 2ND REVERSE WAVE:
        
        STARTED IN 1970'S WITH EXCEPTION OF FEW COUNTRIES LIKE INDIA, SRILANKA
      - 3RD WAVE
        
        COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM IN EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
        
        DEMOCRACY BECAME A GLOBAL PHENOMENA.. WITH
        EXCEPTION OF ARAB WORLD
    - - WHICH MEANS THAT DEMOCRACY IS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH ISLAM
      - ACC. TO SOME SCHOLARS ARAB EXCEPTIONALISM IS A DISCOURSE
        
        TO JUSTIFY WESTERN COUNTRIES SUPPORT TO GULF MONARCHIES & DICTATORSHIP IN EGYPT AND TUNISIA
      - BUT ARAB SPRING CHALLENGED THE DISCORSE OF ARAB EXCEPTIONALISM
        
        ARAB SPRING COULD HAVE BECOME 4TH WAVE OF DEMOCRACY
        
        BUT BECOZ OF GEOPOLITICAL OBJECTIVES OF WESTERN POWERS ARAB SPRING TURNED INTO ARAB SUMMER
- - - - SO ACC. TO HIM TO MAKE GLOBALIZATION WORK WE HAVE TO ADDRESS THE DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT
  - - - GLOBALIZATION HAS UNDERMINED AUTHORITY OF NATION STATE
      - IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE POLICIES ARE TAKEN BY BUREAUCRACY & PEOPLE DON'T HAVE ANY SAY IN FORMULATION OF POLICIES
      - SO HE HELD THAT WE NEED TO HAVE A DEMOCRACY AT GLOBAL LEVEL
        
        LONG TERM GOAL:
        
        GLOBAL GOVT. & GLOBAL PARLIAMENT
        
        SHORT TERM GOAL:
        
        REFORM UNSC TO MAKE IT MORE DEMOCRATISED LIKE EUROPEN PARLIAMENT
        
        GREATER FREEDOM OF PRESS
        
        GREATER INDEPENDENCE OF JUDICIARY
        
        STRENGTHING GRASSROOT DEMOCRACY
- - - - WHY SO ?? :arrow_double_up:
        
        BECOZ INDIA HAVE CHOOSEN THE WRONG PATH
        
        WRONG PATH IS DEMOCRACY..
        
        ACC. TO HIM DEMOCRACY IS NOT CONDUSIVE FOR DEVELOPMENT... DEMOCRACY RESULTS IN INDISCIPLINE. SLOW DECISION MAKING
        
        ACC. TO LEE DEMOCRACY IS WESTERN OBSESSION.. IT DOESN'T SUIT ASIAN SOCIETIES
        
        BECOZ ASIAN SOCIETIES NEED ASIAN VALUES:
        
        ASIAN VALUES: DISCIPLINE, RESPECT TO AUTHORITY, SOCIAL SOLIDARITY
        
        ALSO WRONG PATH IS SOCIALIST WAY THAT INDIA TOOK
        
        LEE CONSIDERED NEHRU AS DEMAGOGIC LEADER
        INDIAN LEADERS DON'T TAKE RIGHT POLICIES BUT POPULIST POLICIES
        
        CHINA ALSO TOOK SOCIALIST WAY BUT CHINA NOT BEING A DEMOCRACY CHANGED ITS APPROACH
      - ACC. TO LEE INDIA REMAINS A NATION OF UNFULLFILED GREATNESS
    - - THOUGH NOT AGAINST DEMOCRACY BUT MENTIONED : PARADOX OF DEMOCRACY
      - PARADOX:
        
        DEMOCRACY IS ABOUT COMPETITION, DISAGREEMENT.. BUT IT RESULT INTO CONFLICT
        
        CONFLICT IMPACT STABILITY..
        SWIFT ACTION GOT PARLYSED..
        
        DEMOCRACY IS RULED BY CONSENT
        BUT CONSENT DOESN'T RESULT INTO PERFORMANCE
        
        LEADERS ARE FEARFUL OF SUCH REFORMS, WHICH ARE NECESSARY ... AS THEY FEAR OF LOSING THE CONSENT
      - HENCE IT REQUIRE A LOT EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT IN A DEMOCRATIC FRAMWORK
      - IN COMPARISON TO DEMOCRACY: AUTOCRACIES MAY PERFORM BETTER
  - - - ACC. TO SEN: DEMOCRACY IS PRE CONDITION TO DEVELOPMENT
      - ECONOMIC GROWTH IS NOT THE ONLY PARAMETER OF DEVELOPMENT
      - ALSO IT IS NOT THE TYPE OF GOVT. IN CHINA THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR BETTER INDICATOR IS HEALTH, EDU. ETC
        
        BUT IT HAS BEEN THE CONSCIOUS CHOICE OF E;LITES TO INVEST IN SOCIAL CAPITAL
        
        SO THAT CHINA CAN TAKE UP THE OPPORTUNITY GENERATED BY GLOBALIZATION
      - SEN HELD THAT IT MAY BE A COINCIDENCE THAT DEMOCRACIES DON'T HAVE GOOD RECORD OF DEVELOPMENT
      - SEN GIVES EXAMPLE OF KERELA..
        
        KERELA GOVT. INVESTED IN SOCIAL CAPITAL LIKE EDUCATION , HEALTH.. WHICH LED TO GENDER EQUALITY
      - SEN ALSO ANALYSED GUJRAT MODEL:
        
        THOUGH GUJRAT HAVE BUILT PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE.. BUT LACKS ON SOCIAL FRONT
      - SEN FURTHUR HELD THAT:
        
        NOT ONLY DEMOCRACY IS REQUIRED FOR DEVELOPMENT.. BUT DEVELOPMENT NEDDS TO BE DEMOCRATISED
        
        IT IS NECESSARY FOR THAT ECONOMIC GROWTH TO BE INLCUSIVE
        
        THERE IS NO NEED THAT PEOPLE TO MADE FIT FOR DEMOCRACY..
        RATHER PEOPLE TO MADE FIT BY DEMOCRACY
  - - - HOWEVER IT IS ALSO TRUE THAT IN INDIA THEREIS TOO MUCH OF DEMOCRACY BUT NOT RIGHT KIND OF DEMOCRACY
      - SO DEMOCRACY IN INDIA REQUIRES STRENGTHING OF GRASS ROOT MOVEMENT