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PHARM CAL (ROMAN NUMERAL (L - 50, C - 100, X - 10, D - 500, V - 5, M -…
PHARM CAL
ROMAN NUMERAL
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Add a smaller alphabet behind the bigger one to increase its value and add the smaller alphabet in front of the bigger one to decrease its value e.g. VI - 6 and IV - 4 Repeat the alphabet to increase the amount by the amount of times it is repeated eg XXX - 30 and III - 3 **Add a bar on top of the alphabet to multiply the value by 1000 times.
DOSING
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*Can be represented as g/mg (solid doses) or g/ml, mg/ml or mg/cc (oral or intravenous doses which means weight of drug per unit of liquid)
Schedule of doses referred as dosing regimen and can be affected by the frequency of doses eg thrice daily for one week, hence 21 doses per week
% Conc
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For % conc: Multiply value by 10 to determine the dosing in mg/mL and for ratio strength: divide value by 1000 to determine the dosing in mg/mL eg 1:5000 (w/v) = 1mg/5mL
Dilution
Dosage strength can be reduced with addition of diluents or use of a similar preparation with lesser strength (usually altered from stock solutions)
*Stock solutions: conc solution of active ingredients or excipients eg flavouring agents
Related by the formula: Q1 (Vol/Weight) x C1 (Conc eg %w/w etc) = Q2 x C2
q.s. used for mixtures involving 2 liquids that may result in physical contraction/decrease in vol (eg water and alcohol), hence vol needed is the calculated and excess added to topup resulting mixture to desired vol
Specific gravity: weight of substance to the weight of a standard substance with the same volume (eg water) and the value determines its density (i.e. lighter than water = sp gr < 1)
-Usually involved in dilution of acids as conc is usually expressed as %w/v
For equations involving a mixture of solutions with known specific gravity but not volume to derive a product with known volume & specific gravity, use the cross subtraction rule to obtain the ratio of substituents
Alligation method used for mixing solutions/solids with diff conc/sp gr to obtain a desired conc/sp gr and operates based on proportion eg 1 part of x% alcohol, 2 parts of y% alcohol
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