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Modern History (National Movement(1919-1939) (Emergence of New Forces…
Modern History
National Movement(1919-1939)
Why Nationalist Upsurge at the End of WW1
Post war economic hardship
Nationalist disllusionment with Imperialism worldwide
Impact of Russian Revolution
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
Salient Features
Drawbacks
Dyarchy--Too complex and irrational to be functional
Central executive not responsible to legislature
Limited Franchise
Gandhi's Activism in South Africa (1893-1914)
Started Indian Opinion
Registration Certificates
Indian migration
Poll tax and Invalidation of Indian Marriages
Faith in capacity of masses
Gandhi's Early Activism in India
Champaran Satyagraha--First Civil Disobedience
Ahmedabad Mill Strike--First Hunger Strike
Kheda Satyagraha--First Non-cooperation
Rowlatt Satyagraha--First Mass Strike
Khilafat-Non Cooperaation Movement
Demands:
Favourable Treaty for Turkey
Redressal of Punjab wrongs
Establishment of Swaraj
Techniques Used
Boycott of Government run institutions, Cloth and Liquor
Setting up of National Schools, colleges, Panchayats and Khadi
Second stage civil disobedience-Non Payment of taxes
Nagpur Session of INC(1920)
Goal of attainment of Swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means or Mass Struggle
Chauri Chaura Incident
Violence by agitated mob-Movement withdrawn
Swarajist and No Changers
Swarajists
Council Entry with aim to end or mend the councils
No Changers
Constructive work during transition period
Emergence of New Forces
Spread of Marxism and Socialist ideas
Activism of Indian youth
Peasant's Agitations
Growth of trade unionism
Caste movements
Revolutionary terrorism with tilt towards socialism
Activities of HRA/HSRA
Revolutionaries in Bengal
Reasons for Growth of Communalism
Socio-Economic Backwardness
Concessions as a tool to fuel communalism by colonial rulers
British Policy of Divide and Rule
Communalism in history writing
Chauvinist elements of socio-religious reform movements
Side-effects of militant nationalism
Communal reaction by majority community
Simon Commission
To explore possibility of constitutional advance.
No Indian represented in the Commission.
Nehru Report(1928)
First Indian effort to draft constitutional scheme.
Recommendation:
Dominion Status
Joint electorates with reserved seasts for minortities--not seperate electorate
Linguistic provinces
19 Fundamental Rights
Responsible government at centre and provinces
Calcutta Congress Session(1928)
Accept demand of dominon status
Else Civil DIsobedience Movement will be launched
Lahore Congress Session(1929)
Complete Independence--Congress's Goal.
Decided to Launch CDM
Celebration of First Independence Day
Civil Disobedience Movement and Dandi March
Complete Later
First Round Table Conference(March 1930-January 1931)
Congress did not attend
Gandhi Irwin Pact (March 1931)
Agreed to attend 2nd RTC and Withdrew CDM
Second Roundtable Conference (Dec 1931)
Right Wing--Against concessions to Indians
Session Deadlocked--Safeguards question to minorities
Second Phase of CDM (Dec 1931--April 1934)
Communal Award (1932)
Seperate Electorates to Depressed Classes
Nationalist felt-Threat to national unity
Gandhi's fast unto death-->Poona Pact
Abandoned Seperated Electorates--Increased Reserved Seats
Government of India Act, 1935(In Detail)
Congress Ministries were formed in 1937(In Detail)
National Movement(1939-1947)
Congress Stand on Eve of WW2
Cooperate Under Certain Conditions
Freedom was given after war
Some form of genuinely responsible government formed
CWC Meeting at Wardha (1939)
Gandhi-->Unconditional Support
Subhas Bose and Leftists--> Take advantage
Nehru-->Recognized Imperialist nature but against taking advantage and also against Indian Participation in War.
Resolution:
No Indian participatio until freedom granted
Government declare its war aims
Linlithgow's Statement (1939)
War aims: Not defined except defence against aggression
Consultation to modify Goverment of India Act 1935
Consulative Committee formed for advising functions
Congress Response
No Indian Support to War
Congress ministries to resign in provinces
No Immediate Mass Struggle to be launched
Pakistan Resolution 1940
August Offer (1940)
Dominion Status--Long Term Objective
Constituent Assembly after war comprising mainly Indians
Minorities consent essential for settlement
Congress--Rejected
Individual Satyagraha(CDM 1940)
Cripps Mission(1942)
Salient Features
Indian Union with dominion status
Right withdraw from Commonwealth
Constituent Assembly Elected by Provincial assemblies
Freedom to provinces to not join Union
Congress Opposition
Dominion Status
Right of provinces to secede
No immediate transfer of power
Retention of gov-gen Supremacy
Muslim League Opposition
Pakistan not explicitly offered
Machinery for creation of Constituent assembly
Quit India Movement
Reason for Launching
Failure of Cripps Mission Unwilling nature of British
Wartime Hardship--Dicontent public
Feeling of Imminent British Collapse
Prepare masses for Japanese Invasion
Major Activity(After Leaders Arrested)
Public on Rampage attacking symbols of authority
Underground Activity
Parallel Governments(Satara, Ballia, Tamluk)
Participation
youth
women
peasants
workers
government officials
communists
C. Rajgoplachari Formula(1944)
League support and cooperation-->Independence of India and Interim Government
After war, Muslim Majority areas-->Right to self determination
Partition-->Common centre of defence commerce and communications
Jinnah-->Rejected, Congress accept two nation theory
Desai-Liaqat Pact
Equal representation in Central executive(League and Congress)
20 percent for minorities
Wavell Plan: Shimla Conference (1945)
All Indian Executive council( except Gov-Gen and C-in-C)
Equal representation of Hindu and Muslims
Muslim League-->Communal Veto in Executive Council
Congress-->painted as hindu party
Last two years of British Rule
Two Basic Strands:
Tripartite negotiations resulting in freedom and partition
Sporadic localised mass action
Labor Party in UK and Change in governments attitude
Change in global power equations
Labor government sympathetic to Indian Demands
Tired Soldiers and Shattered Economy
Anti-Imperialist wave in Asia
Official feared another Congress revolt
Two main election planks of Congress
Repression of 1942
Mass pressure against INA trials
INA-Agitation
Unprecedented high pitch and intensity
Wide geographical spread and social spread
Prenetrated to govt. employees and loyalists
Gradually became India vs Britain Issue
Three Upsurges
In Calcutta over INA Trials
In Calcutta over 7 year imprisonment of INA officer
Strike by RIN Ratings
Election results
Congress--57/102
League--30/102 Bengal and Sindh
Why British Wthdrawal seemd imminent
Success of Nationalist forces in struggle for hegemony
Demoralization among bureaucracy and loyalist sections
Limitation of British strategy of concilliation and repression
Demands of Leniency in INA Trials and RIN Revolts
Entirely official rule impossible now
Main aim of Govt now:
Graceful withdrawal and Transfer of Power
Post Imperial Indo-British Relationship
Cabinet Mission (1946)
Proposals
Rejection of Pakistan
Grouping of Existing Assemblies
Three-tier executive Province, Princely and Union
Constituent assembly by provincial assemblies
Provinces--Autonomy and Residual Powers.
Province free to come out of Section/Union
Princely government arrangement with succesor or British
Grouping
Congress-->Optional
League-->Complusory(Mission decided Leagu's favor)
Plan Accepted
Withdrawal of League and Direct Action Day
Interim government formed--League joined obstructionist approach
Deadlock(1947):
Congress--Removal of League
League--Dissoloution of Constituent Assembly
Atlee's Statement
Deadline for Transfer of Power
One centre or multiple provincial governments
Mountbatten Plan
Punjab Bengal--> Decision on Partition
Sindh Own Decision
Referendum in NWFP and Sylhet District
Two Dominons and Two Constituent Assembly
Freedom on 15th August 1947
July 18 1947
British Parliament passed Indian Independence Act 1947.
National Movement (1905-1918):
Why Militant Nationalism Grew:
Recognition of the True nature of the British Rule
Growth of Confidence and Self-Respect.
Growth of Education.
International Influences.
Reaction to Increasing Westernisation.
Dissatisfaction with the Achievements of Moderates.
Reactionary Policies of Curzon
Existence of Militant School of Though
Emergence of Trained Leadership.
The Extremist Ideology
Hatred for Foreign Rule.
Belief in the Capacity of Masses
Swarajya as goal.
Advocacy of direct political action and self-sacrifice.
The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement:
Began as a reaction to partition of Bengal.
Moderate-led Anti-Partition Moveement(1903-1905)
Methods
Public Meetings
Memoranda
Petitions
Movement Under Extremists(1905-1908)
Methods
Boycott of Foreign goods.
Corps of volunteers or samitis
Festivals and Melas for propaganda
Self-reliance or atma-shakti
Everything Swadeshi-education, enterprise
Paintings- new trends and Boycott of school, colleges etc.
Why Extremist Took over from Moderates?
Failure of moderates to achieve positive results.
Divisive tactics of governments.
Government repression.
Extent of Mass Participation:
Students and Women
Lower Middle and Middle Classes in Cities and Towns(First Time)
Certains section of Zamindars
Muslims--Pacified by Britishers.
Annulment of Partition:
Swadeshi Movement Fizzled Out(Causes)
Repression
Lack of effective organization and disciplined focus.
Movement leaderless after arrest.
Split in Nationalistic ranks
Narrow Social Base.
Achievements:
Un-touched sections participated.
Trends of Later Movement emerged.
Richness of movement extended to culture, S&T.
People educated in bolder form of politics.
Colonial Hegemony undermined.
Future struggle drew heavily fromt this.
Major Cause of Moderate-Extremist Split at Surat(1907)
Moderates:
Restrict BM to Bengal
Boycott foreign cloth and liquor
Extremist:
Take movements to all part of country
Boycott all forms of association.
The Government Strategy:
Policy of Carrot and Stick:
Repression
Concilliation
Suppression.
Revolutionary Activities:
By-Product of Militant Nationalism.
Fallout of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.
Reasons for Emergence:
Younger Elements not ready to reatreat after decline of open phase.
Leadership's failure to tap revolutionary energies of youth.
Government repression left no peaceful avenues for protest.
Ideology:
Assasinate unpopular officials--Strike terror.
Arouse people to expel british physically
Individual Heroic Actions--Russian Nihilists/Irish Nationalists.
Before the First World War
Bengal
Maharashtra
Punjab
Abroad
During the First World War:
The Ghadr Programme:
Morley-Minto Reforms
Home Rule League Movement:
Factors favouring:
Popular pressure on government to attain concessions
Disillusionment with M-M Reforms
Wartime Miseries - Public ready to protest.
Tilak Beasant ready to assume leadership.
Aim of Movement:
Convey concept of Home-Rule as self-government to common people
Methods Used:
Organizing Discussion and Reading Rooms
Propaganda through meetings, newspapers etc.
Postive Gains:
Emphasis on Masses permanently
Organizational Link between town and country
Prepared generation of ardent Nationalists
Influenced Moderate Nationalist Reunion at Lucknow.
Lucknow Session of INC
Extremist readmitted to Congress.
Muslim-League Congree put up Joint demands under Lucknow Pact.
Congress accepted League's position of seperate electorates.
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India:
Factors for English Success:
Superior Arms, Military and Strategy
Military Discipline and Regular Salary
Civil Discipline and Fair Selection System
Brilliant Leadership and Support of Second Line Leaders
Strong Financial Backup
Nationalist Pride
British Conquest of Bengal
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Buxar
Treaty of Allahabad
Dual Government of Bengal(1765-1762)
British Conquest of Mysore
First Anglo-Mysore War(1767-69) and Treaty of Madras.
Second Anglo-Mysore War(1779-84) and Treaty of Mangalore.
Third Anglo-Mysore War(1790-92) and Treaty of Seringapatnam.
First Anglo-Mysore War(1767-69) and Mysore conquered.
Anglo Maratha Struggle for Supremacy
First Anglo-Maratha War
Treaty of Surat
Treaty of Purandhar
Treaty of Salbai
Second Anglo-Maratha War
Treaty of Bassein
Third Anglo Maratha War
Causes for Defeat of the Marathas
Inept Leadership
Defective Nature of State
Loose political setup
Inferior Military System
Unstable Economic Policy
Superior English Diplomacy
Progressive English Outlook
Conquest of Sindh
Conquest of Punjab
British Paramountcy through Administrative Policy
Policy of Ring-Fence
Subsidiary Alliance
Doctrine of Lapse
Foreign Policy of British India
Anglo-Nepal Relations (Treaty of Sagauli, 1816)
Anglo Burma Relations
First Anglo-Burma War(1824-26)
Second Anglo-Burma War(1852)
Third Anglo-Burma War(1885)
Anglo Tibetan Relations
Treaty of Lhasa(1904)
Anglo-Afghan Relations
Forward Policy of Auckland
First Anglo-Afghan War(1839-1842)
Lawrence's Policy of Masterly Inactivity
Lytton and the Policy of Proud Reserve
Second Anglo-Afghan War(1870-80)
Treaty of Gandamak(May 1879)
North-West Frontier:
Durrand Agreement(1893)
Modern History
Advent of the Europeans in India
India on the Eve of British Conquest
Decline of Mughal Empire(Causes)
Weak Successors
Absence of Definite law of Succession
Aurangzeb's Religious and Deccan Policy
Degeneration of Rulers and Nobles
Deterioration of Army
Too Vast Empire
External Invasions
Economic Decline
Advent of Europeans
Shifting Allegiance of Zamindars
Jagirdari Crisis
Rise of regional aspirations
Rise of Regional States:
3 Categories
Succesor States
Independent Kingdoms
The New States
Nature of Regional States
Limitations of Regional States
Socio-Economic Conditions:
Agriculture
Trade
Education
Society
Art, Architecture and Culture
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India:
Factors for English Success:
Superior Arms, Military and Strategy
Military Discipline and Regular Salary
Civil Discipline and Fair Selection System
Brilliant Leadership and Support of Second Line Leaders
Strong Financial Backup
Nationalist Pride
British Conquest of Bengal
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Buxar
Treaty of Allahabad
Dual Government of Bengal(1765-1762)
British Conquest of Mysore
First Anglo-Mysore War(1767-69) and Treaty of Madras.
Second Anglo-Mysore War(1779-84) and Treaty of Mangalore.
Third Anglo-Mysore War(1790-92) and Treaty of Seringapatnam.
First Anglo-Mysore War(1767-69) and Mysore conquered.
Anglo Maratha Struggle for Supremacy
First Anglo-Maratha War
Treaty of Surat
Treaty of Purandhar
Treaty of Salbai
Second Anglo-Maratha War
Treaty of Bassein
Third Anglo Maratha War
Causes for Defeat of the Marathas
Inept Leadership
Defective Nature of State
Loose political setup
Inferior Military System
Unstable Economic Policy
Superior English Diplomacy
Progressive English Outlook
Conquest of Sindh
Conquest of Punjab
British Paramountcy through Administrative Policy
Policy of Ring-Fence
Subsidiary Alliance
Doctrine of Lapse
Foreign Policy of British India
Anglo-Nepal Relations (Treaty of Sagauli, 1816)
Anglo Burma Relations
First Anglo-Burma War(1824-26)
Second Anglo-Burma War(1852)
Third Anglo-Burma War(1885)
Anglo Tibetan Relations
Treaty of Lhasa(1904)
Anglo-Afghan Relations
Forward Policy of Auckland
First Anglo-Afghan War(1839-1842)
Lawrence's Policy of Masterly Inactivity
Lytton and the Policy of Proud Reserve
Second Anglo-Afghan War(1870-80)
Treaty of Gandamak(May 1879)
North-West Frontier:
Durrand Agreement(1893)
The Revolt of 1857
Military Revolts Before 1857
Causes of 1857 Revolt:
Economic Causes:
Political Causes:
Administrative Causes:
Socio-Religious Causes:
Influence of Outside Events:
Discontent Among Sepoys
Caues of Failure:
Territorial and Social Base
All India Particpation was absent.
Allegiance of Certian Sections to British
All Classes did not join.
Resources
Poor Arms and Equipments.
Coordination and Leadership.
Uncoordinated and Poorly Organized.
Coherent Ideology and Political Perspective
No Unified Ideology.
Hindu-Muslim Unity Factor.
Nature of The Revolt
Consequences of The Revolt.
The Struggle Begins( Till 1905)
Factors in Growth of Modern Nationalism
Understanding of contradictions in Indian and Colonial Interests.
Political, Administrative and Economic Unification of the country.
Western Thought and Education
Role of Press and Literature
Rediscovery of India's Past.
Rise of Middle Class Intelligentsia.
Impact of Contemporary Movements Worldwide.
Reactionary Policies and Racial Arrogance of British.
Early Nationalist Methodology
Constitutional agitation within four walls of law
Create public opinion in India and campaign for support to Indian demands in England.
Political Education of People.
Political connection with Britain in India's interest.
Time not ripe to directly challenge the British Rule.
Contributions of Moderate Nationalist:
Economic Critique of British Imperialism
Consitutional Reforms and propaganda in Legislature.
Campaign for General Administrative Reforms.
Defence of Civil Rights.
Evaluation of Early Nationalists:
National Movement (1905-1918):
Why Militant Nationalism Grew:
Recognition of the True nature of the British Rule
Growth of Confidence and Self-Respect.
Growth of Education.
International Influences.
Reaction to Increasing Westernisation.
Dissatisfaction with the Achievements of Moderates.
Reactionary Policies of Curzon
Existence of Militant School of Though
Emergence of Trained Leadership.
The Extremist Ideology
Hatred for Foreign Rule.
Belief in the Capacity of Masses
Swarajya as goal.
Advocacy of direct political action and self-sacrifice.
The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement:
Began as a reaction to partition of Bengal.
Moderate-led Anti-Partition Moveement(1903-1905)
Methods
Public Meetings
Memoranda
Petitions
Movement Under Extremists(1905-1908)
Methods
Boycott of Foreign goods.
Corps of volunteers or samitis
Festivals and Melas for propaganda
Self-reliance or atma-shakti
Everything Swadeshi-education, enterprise
Paintings- new trends and Boycott of school, colleges etc.
Why Extremist Took over from Moderates?
Failure of moderates to achieve positive results.
Divisive tactics of governments.
Government repression.
Extent of Mass Participation:
Students and Women
Lower Middle and Middle Classes in Cities and Towns(First Time)
Certains section of Zamindars
Muslims--Pacified by Britishers.
Annulment of Partition:
Swadeshi Movement Fizzled Out(Causes)
Repression
Lack of effective organization and disciplined focus.
Movement leaderless after arrest.
Split in Nationalistic ranks
Narrow Social Base.
Achievements:
Un-touched sections participated.
Trends of Later Movement emerged.
Richness of movement extended to culture, S&T.
People educated in bolder form of politics.
Colonial Hegemony undermined.
Future struggle drew heavily fromt this.
Major Cause of Moderate-Extremist Split at Surat(1907)
Moderates:
Restrict BM to Bengal
Boycott foreign cloth and liquor
Extremist:
Take movements to all part of country
Boycott all forms of association.
The Government Strategy:
Policy of Carrot and Stick:
Repression
Concilliation
Suppression.
Revolutionary Activities:
By-Product of Militant Nationalism.
Fallout of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.
Reasons for Emergence:
Younger Elements not ready to reatreat after decline of open phase.
Leadership's failure to tap revolutionary energies of youth.
Government repression left no peaceful avenues for protest.
Ideology:
Assasinate unpopular officials--Strike terror.
Arouse people to expel british physically
Individual Heroic Actions--Russian Nihilists/Irish Nationalists.
Before the First World War
Bengal
Maharashtra
Punjab
Abroad
During the First World War:
The Ghadr Programme:
Morley-Minto Reforms
Home Rule League Movement:
Factors favouring:
Popular pressure on government to attain concessions
Disillusionment with M-M Reforms
Wartime Miseries - Public ready to protest.
Tilak Beasant ready to assume leadership.
Aim of Movement:
Convey concept of Home-Rule as self-government to common people
Methods Used:
Organizing Discussion and Reading Rooms
Propaganda through meetings, newspapers etc.
Postive Gains:
Emphasis on Masses permanently
Organizational Link between town and country
Prepared generation of ardent Nationalists
Influenced Moderate Nationalist Reunion at Lucknow.
Lucknow Session of INC
Extremist readmitted to Congress.
Muslim-League Congree put up Joint demands under Lucknow Pact.
Congress accepted League's position of seperate electorates.
National Movement(1919-1939)
Why Nationalist Upsurge at the End of WW1
Post war economic hardship
Nationalist disllusionment with Imperialism worldwide
Impact of Russian Revolution
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
Salient Features
Drawbacks
Dyarchy--Too complex and irrational to be functional
Central executive not responsible to legislature
Limited Franchise
Gandhi's Activism in South Africa (1893-1914)
Started Indian Opinion
Registration Certificates
Indian migration
Poll tax and Invalidation of Indian Marriages
Faith in capacity of masses
Gandhi's Early Activism in India
Champaran Satyagraha--First Civil Disobedience
Ahmedabad Mill Strike--First Hunger Strike
Kheda Satyagraha--First Non-cooperation
Rowlatt Satyagraha--First Mass Strike
Khilafat-Non Cooperaation Movement
Demands:
Favourable Treaty for Turkey
Redressal of Punjab wrongs
Establishment of Swaraj
Techniques Used
Boycott of Government run institutions, Cloth and Liquor
Setting up of National Schools, colleges, Panchayats and Khadi
Second stage civil disobedience-Non Payment of taxes
Nagpur Session of INC(1920)
Goal of attainment of Swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means or Mass Struggle
Chauri Chaura Incident
Violence by agitated mob-Movement withdrawn
Swarajist and No Changers
Swarajists
Council Entry with aim to end or mend the councils
No Changers
Constructive work during transition period
Emergence of New Forces
Spread of Marxism and Socialist ideas
Activism of Indian youth
Peasant's Agitations
Growth of trade unionism
Caste movements
Revolutionary terrorism with tilt towards socialism
Activities of HRA/HSRA
Revolutionaries in Bengal
Reasons for Growth of Communalism
Socio-Economic Backwardness
Concessions as a tool to fuel communalism by colonial rulers
British Policy of Divide and Rule
Communalism in history writing
Chauvinist elements of socio-religious reform movements
Side-effects of militant nationalism
Communal reaction by majority community
Simon Commission
To explore possibility of constitutional advance.
No Indian represented in the Commission.
Nehru Report(1928)
First Indian effort to draft constitutional scheme.
Recommendation:
Dominion Status
Joint electorates with reserved seasts for minortities--not seperate electorate
Linguistic provinces
19 Fundamental Rights
Responsible government at centre and provinces
Calcutta Congress Session(1928)
Accept demand of dominon status
Else Civil DIsobedience Movement will be launched
Lahore Congress Session(1929)
Complete Independence--Congress's Goal.
Decided to Launch CDM
Celebration of First Independence Day
Civil Disobedience Movement and Dandi March
Complete Later
First Round Table Conference(March 1930-January 1931)
Congress did not attend
Gandhi Irwin Pact (March 1931)
Agreed to attend 2nd RTC and Withdrew CDM
Second Roundtable Conference (Dec 1931)
Right Wing--Against concessions to Indians
Session Deadlocked--Safeguards question to minorities
Second Phase of CDM (Dec 1931--April 1934)
Communal Award (1932)
Seperate Electorates to Depressed Classes
Nationalist felt-Threat to national unity
Gandhi's fast unto death-->Poona Pact
Abandoned Seperated Electorates--Increased Reserved Seats
Government of India Act, 1935(In Detail)
Congress Ministries were formed in 1937(In Detail)
National Movement(1939-1947)
Congress Stand on Eve of WW2
Cooperate Under Certain Conditions
Freedom was given after war
Some form of genuinely responsible government formed
CWC Meeting at Wardha (1939)
Gandhi-->Unconditional Support
Subhas Bose and Leftists--> Take advantage
Nehru-->Recognized Imperialist nature but against taking advantage and also against Indian Participation in War.
Resolution:
No Indian participatio until freedom granted
Government declare its war aims
Linlithgow's Statement (1939)
War aims: Not defined except defence against aggression
Consultation to modify Goverment of India Act 1935
Consulative Committee formed for advising functions
Congress Response
No Indian Support to War
Congress ministries to resign in provinces
No Immediate Mass Struggle to be launched
Pakistan Resolution 1940
August Offer (1940)
Dominion Status--Long Term Objective
Constituent Assembly after war comprising mainly Indians
Minorities consent essential for settlement
Congress--Rejected
Individual Satyagraha(CDM 1940)
Cripps Mission(1942)
Salient Features
Indian Union with dominion status
Right withdraw from Commonwealth
Constituent Assembly Elected by Provincial assemblies
Freedom to provinces to not join Union
Congress Opposition
Dominion Status
Right of provinces to secede
No immediate transfer of power
Retention of gov-gen Supremacy
Muslim League Opposition
Pakistan not explicitly offered
Machinery for creation of Constituent assembly
Quit India Movement
Reason for Launching
Failure of Cripps Mission Unwilling nature of British
Wartime Hardship--Dicontent public
Feeling of Imminent British Collapse
Prepare masses for Japanese Invasion
Major Activity(After Leaders Arrested)
Public on Rampage attacking symbols of authority
Underground Activity
Parallel Governments(Satara, Ballia, Tamluk)
Participation
youth
women
peasants
workers
government officials
communists
C. Rajgoplachari Formula(1944)
League support and cooperation-->Independence of India and Interim Government
After war, Muslim Majority areas-->Right to self determination
Partition-->Common centre of defence commerce and communications
Jinnah-->Rejected, Congress accept two nation theory
Desai-Liaqat Pact
Equal representation in Central executive(League and Congress)
20 percent for minorities
Wavell Plan: Shimla Conference (1945)
All Indian Executive council( except Gov-Gen and C-in-C)
Equal representation of Hindu and Muslims
Muslim League-->Communal Veto in Executive Council
Congress-->painted as hindu party
Last two years of British Rule
Two Basic Strands:
Tripartite negotiations resulting in freedom and partition
Sporadic localised mass action
Labor Party in UK and Change in governments attitude
Change in global power equations
Labor government sympathetic to Indian Demands
Tired Soldiers and Shattered Economy
Anti-Imperialist wave in Asia
Official feared another Congress revolt
Two main election planks of Congress
Repression of 1942
Mass pressure against INA trials
INA-Agitation
Unprecedented high pitch and intensity
Wide geographical spread and social spread
Prenetrated to govt. employees and loyalists
Gradually became India vs Britain Issue
Three Upsurges
In Calcutta over INA Trials
In Calcutta over 7 year imprisonment of INA officer
Strike by RIN Ratings
Election results
Congress--57/102
League--30/102 Bengal and Sindh
Why British Wthdrawal seemd imminent
Success of Nationalist forces in struggle for hegemony
Demoralization among bureaucracy and loyalist sections
Limitation of British strategy of concilliation and repression
Demands of Leniency in INA Trials and RIN Revolts
Entirely official rule impossible now
Main aim of Govt now:
Graceful withdrawal and Transfer of Power
Post Imperial Indo-British Relationship
Cabinet Mission (1946)
Proposals
Rejection of Pakistan
Grouping of Existing Assemblies
Three-tier executive Province, Princely and Union
Constituent assembly by provincial assemblies
Provinces--Autonomy and Residual Powers.
Province free to come out of Section/Union
Princely government arrangement with succesor or British
Grouping
Congress-->Optional
League-->Complusory(Mission decided Leagu's favor)
Plan Accepted
Withdrawal of League and Direct Action Day
Interim government formed--League joined obstructionist approach
Deadlock(1947):
Congress--Removal of League
League--Dissoloution of Constituent Assembly
Atlee's Statement
Deadline for Transfer of Power
One centre or multiple provincial governments
Mountbatten Plan
Punjab Bengal--> Decision on Partition
Sindh Own Decision
Referendum in NWFP and Sylhet District
Two Dominons and Two Constituent Assembly
Freedom on 15th August 1947
July 18 1947
British Parliament passed Indian Independence Act 1947.
The Revolt of 1857
Military Revolts Before 1857
Causes of 1857 Revolt:
Economic Causes:
Political Causes:
Administrative Causes:
Socio-Religious Causes:
Influence of Outside Events:
Discontent Among Sepoys
Caues of Failure:
Territorial and Social Base
All India Particpation was absent.
Allegiance of Certian Sections to British
All Classes did not join.
Resources
Poor Arms and Equipments.
Coordination and Leadership.
Uncoordinated and Poorly Organized.
Coherent Ideology and Political Perspective
No Unified Ideology.
Hindu-Muslim Unity Factor.
Nature of The Revolt
Consequences of The Revolt.
The Struggle Begins( Till 1905)
Factors in Growth of Modern Nationalism
Understanding of contradictions in Indian and Colonial Interests.
Political, Administrative and Economic Unification of the country.
Western Thought and Education
Role of Press and Literature
Rediscovery of India's Past.
Rise of Middle Class Intelligentsia.
Impact of Contemporary Movements Worldwide.
Reactionary Policies and Racial Arrogance of British.
Early Nationalist Methodology
Constitutional agitation within four walls of law
Create public opinion in India and campaign for support to Indian demands in England.
Political Education of People.
Political connection with Britain in India's interest.
Time not ripe to directly challenge the British Rule.
Contributions of Moderate Nationalist:
Economic Critique of British Imperialism
Consitutional Reforms and propaganda in Legislature.
Campaign for General Administrative Reforms.
Defence of Civil Rights.
Evaluation of Early Nationalists:
India on the Eve of British Conquest
Decline of Mughal Empire(Causes)
Weak Successors
Absence of Definite law of Succession
Aurangzeb's Religious and Deccan Policy
Degeneration of Rulers and Nobles
Deterioration of Army
Too Vast Empire
External Invasions
Economic Decline
Advent of Europeans
Shifting Allegiance of Zamindars
Jagirdari Crisis
Rise of regional aspirations
Rise of Regional States:
3 Categories
Succesor States
Independent Kingdoms
The New States
Nature of Regional States
Limitations of Regional States
Socio-Economic Conditions:
Agriculture
Trade
Education
Society
Art, Architecture and Culture
Advent of the Europeans in India