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POWER (ELITIST THEORY: (OLDEST THEORY) (ACC. TO THEM (ELITE IS SPECIAL…

- - - - LIKE PLATO AND ARISTOTLE HELD MEN OF REASON AND COURAGE ARE FIT TO BE IN RULING CLASS
      - MACHIVILLI HELD PRINCE TO BE LIKE FOX AND LION
  - - - ARISTROCRACY:BECOZ THEY SHAPED HISTORY AS THEY POSSED POWER
      - NOTHING:IN EVERY SOCIETY THERE ARE TWO KIND OF ELITES
        
        FOX
        
        LION
      - AND HISTORY IS CYCLICAL IN NATURE & POWER FLOWS IN A CLOSE LOOP..B/W FOX AND LIONS
        
        THERE IS NO TRICKLE DOWN OF POWER TO MASSES
    - - ONLY ROLE MASSES CAN PLAY IS ELECTION OF ELITES
- - - - POWER CONSIDERED AS DOMINATION: ITS THE ABILITY TO GET THINGS DONE BY OTHERS-EVEN AGAINST THEIR WISH
      - POWER IS COERSION
    - - HAANH ARENDT:
        
        POWER IS NOT COERCION
        BUT IT MEANS EMPOWERMENT
      - STEVEN LUKES:
        
        GIVES 3 DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF POWER
        
        POWER IN FORMAL SENSE: WEBERIAN
        
        POWER AS AGENDA SETTING: MARXIST
        
        POWER AS THOUGHT CONTROL PROCESS:GRAMSCIAN
- - - - DISCIPLINARY POWER
      - DISCOURSES
      - GOVERNBILITY
      - BIOPOWER
  - - - ONLY STATE DOESN'T EXERCISE POWER
        BUT POWER IS EXCERCISED BY ALL SOCIETIES:
      - FOCU . GIVES CONCEPT OF SOCIETY AS PANOPTICON
        
        PANOPTICON : CONCEPT GIVEN BY JEREMY BENTHAM
        
        ACC. TO WHICH IN A CIRCULAR JAIL IN CENTRE A TOWER IS RAISED FROM WHERE EVERONE CAN BE WATCHED
        
        FEAR OF BEING WATCHED BY PRISON AUITHORITY : PRISON MANGED CONTROL THEMSELVES
        
        SO FOCU HELD THAT SOCIETY IS LIKE A PRISION AND PANOPTICON
        
        SOCIETY CONTROL ITSELF BECOZ OF FEAR OF BEING WATCHED
        
        SO POWER IS EVERWHERE
  - - - NIETZCHE
        
        NIETCHE WAS CRITIQUE OF ENLIGHTMENT PROJECT
        
        HE HELD THAT GOD IS DEAD
        
        EARLIER IT WAS RELIGION THAT CONTRLLED MAN NOW IT IS SCIENCE
        
        ENLIGHTMENT NOT RESULTED INTO FREEDOM OF MAN
        
        ACC. TO NIETZCHE NOBODY CAN CLAIM TO TELL THE TRUTH THEY ARE JUST PERCEPTIONS.. WE REQUIRE TO UNDERSTAND THINGS FROM MULTIPLE POINT OF VIEW
        
        HAS ANALYSED ORIGIN OF MORALITY
      - FOCU. HAS GIVEN CONCEPT OF WILL TO POWER
        
        THIS WILL TO POWER WILL LEADS TO WILL TO KNOWLEDGE AS KNOWLEDGE AS POWER
      - GENEOLOGY : TO UNDERSTAND HISTORY IN TERMS OF EVOLUTION : IS KNOWLEDGE NAD POWER CONNECTION
    - - DISCOURSE IS WAY OF TELLING THE REALITY
        RATHER THAN REALITY
      - EVERY AGE HAS ITS OWN DISCOURSE
        FOR EG: MEDIVAL TIMES: DISCOURSE OF CHIRSTAINITY
        IN MODERN TIMES : DISCOURSE OF SCIENCE...
        WHICH SHAPES PERCEPTION OF REALITY
      - SO FIGHT IS NOT B/W THE ABSOLUTE TRUTH BUT B/W THE RELAITVE TRUTH
      - DISCOURSE DETERMINE LIMIT OF OUR UNDERSTANDING BUT ALSO LIMITS UNDERSTANDING...
        DISCOURSE SHAPE THE NORMS AND MORALITY
        
        SCIENCE HAS BECOME HIGHEST DISCOURSE
      - THIS DISCOURSE IS ACTUALLY KNOWLEDGE W/O WHICH WORLD CAN'T BE SUATAINED
        
        HEGEMONY IS BUILT ON DISCOUSES
      - FOR EG: PUNISHMENT
        
        PURPOSE OF PUNISHMENT
        
        IN EARLIER TIMES WAS NOT TO PUNISH THE WRONG DOER BUT TO GIVE MSG TO SOCIETY. TO NOT TO COMMIT SUCH ACT
        
        IN MDOERN TIMES: SYSTEM OF PUNISHMENT CHANGED:
        TURNED MORE HUMANE(LIKE ABOLISHION OF DEATH PENALY) OR PRISON REFORMS
        
        THIS HAS NO CONNECTION WRT REFORMING CRIMINAL
        
        BUT REAL PUEPOSE IS:
        
        IMPROVING IMAGE OF STATE
        
        TO MAKE CRIMINAL'S BODY REUSABLE FOR SOCIETY
        
        HOMOSEXUALITY
        
        ABNORMAL AS PER CHRISTAIN RITUAL
        
        MODERN DISCOURSE:(SCIENTIFIC) PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM
    - - DISCIPLIANRY POWER
        
        OBJECTIVE OF DISCIPLENE IS PEOPLE TO BE MADE LEARNT ABOUT HOW TO CONTROL THEIR MIND AND SOUL
        
        THIS TO BE DONE BY BIOPOWER
      - GOVERNIBILTY
        
        IN MODERN TIMES MASS SOCIETY HAVE EMERGED. IN ORDER TO CONTROL IT SUCH A LARGE SECTION
        
        STATE ADOPTED THE METHOD OF DISCIPLINE: THIS IS CALLED GOVERNIBILTY
        
        GOVERNBILTY IS ACHIEVED BY HOMOGENISATION DONE BY DISCIPLINARY INS.
        
        IT IS FOR PURPOSE OF CONVIENIENCE THAT STATE: POPULATION IS SEGREGATED INTO
        MALES AND FEMALES NATIONAL AND FOREIGNERS
      - BIOPOWER
        
        BIOPOWER IS CONCEPT OF PANOPTICON
    - - 1ST:FOCU ANALYSIS IS CONSIDERED AS POST STRUCTURAL OF POWER.
        
        THOUGH HE HIMSELF NEVER ACCEPTED THAT THAT IS STRUCTURIST OR POST STRUC....
        
        AS FOCU IS INFLUENCED BY NIETZHE THAT'S WHY HE IS CALLED POST STRUC.
        
        POST MODERNISM: NEITZHE IS CALLED FATHER OF POST MODERNISM
        
        THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE AND POWER IS INFLUENCE OF NIETZCHE
      - 2ND INSTEAD OF MACRO VIEW OF POWER FOCU GIVEN MICRO VIEW OF POWER
        
        MACRO:
        
        HOBBES: GIVES SOVERIGN VIEW OF POWER I.E STATE
        
        MARX: WHO CONTROL BASE STRUCTURE CONTROLS THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
        
        ACC. TO THESE THEORIES:
        
        POWER IS UNIDIRECTIONAL
        
        MICRO VIEW:(FOCU. VIEW)
        
        POWER IS MULTIDIRECTIONAL
        
        POWER FLOWS THROUGHOUT THE SOCIETY
        IN FORM OF CAPILARY OR NETWORK LIKE ORG.
      - 3RD:THERE IS CONNECTION B/W KNOWLEDGE AND POWER
        
        ACC. TO HIM THERE IS
        NO KNOWLEDGE W/O POWER
        AND NO POWER W/O KNOWLEDGE
        
        DOMINANT DISCOURSE SHAPES THE UNIVERSE OF POWER
        
        NO KNOWLEDGE W/O POWER:
        
        KNOWLEDGE IS A DISCOURSE,, THE DISCOURSE WHICH GETS THE SUPPORT FROM MAJORITY BECOMES DOMINANT DISCOURSE OR REALM OF TRUTH
        SO EVERY DISCOUSE REPRESENT POWER OF SOMEONE
        FOR EG: MADNESS, CRIMINALITY, SEXULAITY(REPRESENT DISCURSE OF MODERNITY(WESTERN SOCIETY))
        
        NO POWER WO KNOWLEDGE:
        
        POWER IS FUNCTION OF KNOWLEDGE:PATIENT ACCEPTS THE POWER OF DOCTOR BECOZ DOCTOR REPRESENT THE KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINE
        
        FOCU. EVEN CONSIDER POWER AND KNOWLEDGE INTERCHANGEBLY
      - 4TH
        
        PEOPLE DON'T EXERCISE POWER BUT EMBODIES POWER : PEOPLE ARE VEHICLE OF POWER
      - 5TH
        
        IT IS WRONG TO THINK THAT POWER IS COERCIVE. POWER IS ACTUALLY PRODUCTIVE .. POIWER GIVES OUR IDENTITY
      - 6TH
        
        POWER IS STRATEGY: POWER IS APPLIED WHEREVER THERE IS POWER THERE IS REISISTENCE
        THIS RESISTENCE IS BASIS OF FREEDOM
      - 7TH
        
        DISCIPLINE IS NOT BAD , BECOZ IT HEPS IN MAINTAINANCE OF SYSTEM
- - - - POWER IS ENJOYED WITH PRESSURE GROUPS OR INTEREST GROUPS
        
        IN USA STRONGEST INTERGROUP POLITICS : LOBBYING
      - POWER IS NOT HANDS OF FEW AND ALSO NOT IN HANDS OF ALL BUT IN HANDS OF MANY
      - IN USA ORDINARY PEOPLE DO ENJOY POWER BUT NOT AS A INDIVIDUAL BUT AS MEMBER OF INTEREST GROUP
    - - EARLIER DAHL BELIEVED THAT ALL GROUPS IN USA ENJOY- ALMOST EQUAL POWERS BUT LATER ON ADMITTED THAT IT IS NOT SO
      - CORPORATE GROUPS ENJOY MORE POWER THAN OTHERS : THUS POLYARCHY IS DEFORMED OR TITLED
      - HIS VIEW GETS NEAR TO MARXIST VIEW O POWER