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THEORIES OF STATE: (POST COLONIAL STATE (POST COLONIAL STATE: STATES THAT…

- - - - COLONIAL LEGACY GOT BOOSTED BECOZ OF GLOBALIZATION: IN FORM OF NEO COLONIALIZATION(TERM COINED BY KWANE NKRUMAH )
    - - LENIN GAVE THEORY OF IMPERIALISM, AND COLONIALISM(DEPENDENCY THEORY)
        
        COLONIALISM RESULTED INTO:
        UNEQUAL EXCHANGE
        UNEQUAL DEVELOPMENT
  - - - F.W RICKS: FATHER OF DEVELOPMENTAL ADMINSITRATION
        
        FOR THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES: RIGGS PROPOSED TERM: PRISMATIC SOCIETY
        
        OR SIMPLY DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIETIES : MOVING FROM UNDERDEVELOPED TO DEVELOPED
        
        MEANING :COEXISTENCE OF MODERNITY AND TRADITION OR SOCIETY IN TRANSITION
        
        CHARCTERSTICS OF PRISMATIC SOCIETY
        
        POLYNORMATIVEISM: COEXISTANCE OF RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NORMS(LIKE TRIPLE TALAQ AND HALALA)
        
        POLYCOMMUNALISM:DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES COEXIST WHICH ARE SUSPICIOUS ABOUT EACH OTHER
        
        ECONOMIC SYSTEM: BAZAR(FOR POOR- CANTEEN(FOR RICH )MODEL : SAME PRICING FOR ALL NOT EXIST)
        
        ADMINSTRATUVE SYSTEM: SALA MODEL(NEPOTISM)
        
        FUNTIONAL OVERLAPPING: B/W DIFFERENT INS.: LIKE ARMIES INVOLVED IN ADMINSTRATION
        
        HETROGENITY:COEXISTENCE OF MODERNITY AND TRADITION
        
        FORMALISM: BIG GAP IN THEORY & REALITY
    - - COINED TERM SOFT STATE FOR INDIA
        
        SOFT STATE HAS LIMITED CAPCITY TO ENFORCE LAW AND POLITICS.... SOFT STATE SYMBOLISIS POOR IMPLEMENTATION
        
        CONSEQUENCES OF SOFT STATE:
        
        POOR LAW AND ORDER SITUATION
        THAT TOLLS THE DEVELOPMENTAL OBJECTIVE
        
        REASON FOR INDIA AS SOFT STATE:
        
        CORRUPTION
        
        LEGACY OF GANDHI: I.E DISOBIDEINCE
    - - HAMZA ALAWI CALLS POST COLONIAL STATE AS OVERDEVELOPED
        
        BECOZ
        
        STATE IN THESE COUNTRIES IS A IMPORTED CONCEPTS. FORMED TO SERVE THE INTEREST OF METROPOLITAN BOURGEOISE(FORIGN BOURGEOISE)
        
        IN WESTERN COUNTIRES THERE IS PERFECT CONVERGENCE B/W ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND POLITICAL SYSTEM
        
        ONCE ECONOMIC SYSTEM BECOMES MODERN(CAPITALIST) THE ELEMENT OF SUPERSTRUCTURE CHANGE ACCORDINGLY: MODERN NATION STATE
        
        IN POST COLONIAL SOCIETY THERE IS A MISMATCH
        
        SOCIETY REMAINED TRATIONAL BUT COLONIAL MASTERS HAVE INTRODUCED MODERN POLITICAL SYSYTEM
        
        SO IN COMAPISON TO ECONOMIC BASE STATE IS OVERDEVELOPED
        
        NATURE OF OVERDEVELOPED STATE
        
        OVERDEVELOPED STATE COMES NEAR TO BONAPARTISED STATE BECOZ
        
        COLONIAL LEAGCY: COLONIAL MASTER HAVE MADE EXTREMLY POWERFUL STATE FOR PROTECTION OF THEIR INTEREST
        
        AND TRADITION CONTINUED EVEN AFTER INDEPENDENCE: LIKE OFFICIAL SECRET ACT, PREVENTIVE DETENTION, IMMUNITY TO OFFICIAL CONTINUED
        
        LEGACY OF NATIONAL MOVT.
        
        PARTY THAT PLAYED IMP. ROLE IN FREEDOM MOVT. ACCQUIRED POLITICAL POWERS POST INDEPENDENCE
        
        LEADERS ENJOYS MUCH PRESTIGE IN EYES OF PEOPLE.. SOI THEY DIDN'T DOUBT THERE INTENTION
        
        MODE OF DEVELOPMENT ADOPTED IN THESE STATES. PUT LOT OF RESOURCES IN HANDS OF STATE
  - - - GAVE IN POLITICS ONLY ONE PROVEN LAW I.E IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY
      - POWER BY NATURE IS SUCH THAT IT GET CONENTRATED IN HANDS OF FEW IRRESPECTIVE OF FORM OF GOVT.
      - WHETHER A COUNTRIY IS DEMOCRATIC OR COMMUNIST POWER WILL GET CONENTRATED IN HANDS OF FEW ELITES
      - SO THERE IS NO DIFFRENCE IN SOCIALIST OR BOURGEOISE PARTIES
    - - IN SOCIALIST COUNTRIES THERE IS MONOLITHIC ELITE EXIST
      - WHEREAS IN LIBERAL COUNTRIES: ELITE STRUCTURE IS FRACTURED: POWER AND PEOPLE HAS OPTION
  - - - IN WESTERN COUNTRIES STATE IS INSTRUMENT OF BOURGEOISE CLASS
      - BUT IN POST COLONIAL NOT ONLY INDIGIENOUS BOURGEISE
        
        BUT ACTUALLY STATE MEDIATES AMONG THREE COMPETING CLASSES
        
        METROPOLITAN BOURGEISE
        
        INDIGIENOUS BOURGEOISE
        
        FEUDAL SOCIETY
- - - - SOME CONSIDER STATE IS INTRUMENT OF PATRIARCHY
      - SOME CONSIDER STATE CAN PLAY A ROLE IN IMPROVING THE STATUS OF WOEN
  - - - HENCE IT IS VERY DIFFICULT FOR WOMEN TO GET JUSTICE FROM STATE.. AS BUREAUCRACY AND JUDICARY ARE INSTRUMENT OF STATE
    - - LIKE RAPE LAWS THE CUMBERSOME JUDICIAL PROCESS MAKES IT EXTREMELY DIFFICULT FOR WOMEN TO GET JUSTICE
  - - - AS WOMEN WERE NOT ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN CHOOSING THE SYSYTEM UNDER WHICH THEY ARE FORCED TO LIVE
- - - - SIGNIFICANCE: STATE IS RESULT OF FREE CHOICE OF MAN
      - STATE IS NOT CREATED BY GOD RATHER PRODUCT OF FREE WILL OF PEOPLE
      - STATE IS INS. OF UTILTY
    - - MACIVER DIDN'T SUPPORT SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY..
        RATHER STATE IS RESULT OF EVOLUTION
      - MACIVER BEING A PLURALIST:
        
        SUGGEST THAT STATE EMERGED FROM VARIOUS INS. LIKE FAMILY , KINGSHIP, CHURCH ETC
- - - - IN MAJORITY OF SEANARIO STATE REMAINS AUTONOMUS(STATE APPEARS TO BENEUTRAL)
        BUT IN CONDITION OF CRISIS STATE WILL SHOW ITS TRUE FACE
    - - BUT STRUCTURALIST BELIEVE THAT IN SOME SITUATION STATE GAINS SOME AUTONOMY THAT STATE APPEARS NEUTRAL
    - - DESPITE BIG BANKS RESPONSIBLE FOR SUBPRIME CRISIS.. WHICH HAD CREATED HARDSHIP FOR PEOPLE
      - STATE COMES TO RESCUE BANKS , BY BAILING OUT THE BANK..
        
        ON THE OTHER HAND STATE HAVE USED POLICE FORCE ON PEOPLE IN OCCUPY WALL STREET MOVT.
    - - BONAPART STATE WHERE EXECUTIVE IS VERY STRONG (LESS DEMOCRACY , MORE DICTATORIAL)
      - IT MAY HAPPEN THAT DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS ARE EQUALY STRONG
        
        SO THAT A PARTICULAR GROUP IS UNABLE TO DOMINATETHE BASE STRUCTURE
        
        GROUPS MAY COMPETE FOR SUPPORT OF STATE..
        HENCE STATE BECOMES RELATIVELY AUTONOMUS
      - FOR EG: NAZI GERMANY
        
        BOTH CAPITALIST AND WORKERS WERE ORGANISED. THIS ALLOWED STATE TO GAIN AUTONOMY
        
        AND FASCIST STATE FAVOURED CAPITALIST CLASS
    - - ACC. TO HIM STATE APPEARS TO BE AUTONOMUS BECOZ OF CIVIL SOCIETY
  - - - STATE IS NOT PRODUCT OF FREE WILL OF MAN: BUT PRODUCT OF FORCE
      - ORIGIN OF STATE LIES IN SUBJUDICATION OF WEAK BY STRONG
      - HENCE STATE REPRESENT POWER AND DOMINATION
    - - STATE IS INSTRUMENT OF BOURGEOISE CLASS
      - STATE IS EXECUTIVE COMITTEE OF BOURGEOISE CLASS
        
        MEANING STATE SIMPLY IMPLEMENT THE AGENDA OF BOURGEISE CLASS
      - BASIS OF MARX'S OBSERVATION: HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
    - - :arrow_backward: MARXIST PRESPECTIVE OF STATE GIVEN BY LENIN
      - LENIN BELIEVE THAT
        HISTORICAL MATERIAISM,
        CLASS STRUGGLE,
        REVOLUTION ARE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF MARXISM
        
        IN THIS STATETMENT BREIFLY EXPLAINS ALL THIS
      - STATE INSTRUMENT OF BOURGEOISE CLASS
        
        STATE USES FORCE ON POOR IN INTEREST OF BOURGEOISE CLASS
        
        POOR CAN'T HAVE JUSTICE FROM THE STATE
        
        SO AS LONG AS CLASS EXIST CLASS STRUGGLE EXIST
        AND AS LONG AS CLASS STRUGGLE EXIST STATE EXIST
        
        HENCE ONLY OPTION IS REVOLUTION
  - - - NATURE OF STATE HAS CHANGED WITH INTRO. OF RIGHT TO VOTE FOR WORKERS
        STATE HAS TAKEN MANY WELFARE SCHEMES
      - CONCEPT OF MANEGERIAL REVOLUTION(JAMES BURN HAM)
        
        MANEGERIAL REVOLUTION AS A CONCEPT HAS ADVANCED TO SHOW CHANGED NATURE OF CAPITALISM
        
        LIBERAL SUGGEST THROUGH MANEGERIAL REVOLUTION CAPITAL OWNERS AND DECISION MAKER ARE SEPERATED
        
        DECISION MAKING SHIFTED TO AMNERGERIAL CLASS WHICH IS OPEN TO ALL(EVEN FOR WORKING CLASS)
        
        INDUSTRIAL DECISION ARE TAKEN BY MANEGERS ..
        THE NEXUS B/W MONEY AND DECISION MAKERS HAS BEEN BROKEN
    - - HELD THAT DESPITE VOTING RIGHTS NATURE OF STATE HASN'T CHANGED
      - ALSO ACC. TO HIM MANEGERIAL REVOLUTION IS A MYTH
        
        BECOZ FOR SONS AND DAUGHTER OF WORKING CLASS :CHANCES OF JOINING THE MANEGERIAL CLASS ARE EXTRELY RARE
        
        COZ MANEGERIAL EDUCATION(MBA) IS UNAFFORDABLE
        
        SO POWER IS STILL CONCENTRATED . ONLY ELITE CAN JOIN
      - ALSO HELD THAT JUDICARY AND BEREAUCRACY REMAINS UNDER REPRESENTATIVE
      - THUS THERE IS NO CHANGE. CLASS THAT HOLD CONOMIC POWER CONTINUUES TO HOLD POLITICAL POWER
        
        SO STATE CONTINUES TO BE INSTRUMENT OF RICH CLASS
    - - HELD WITH INTRODUCTION OF MODERN DEMOCRACY: UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISSE, COMPETITIVE PARTY SYSYTEM
        ELECTORAL SYSYTEM
        
        POLITICAL PARTIES NEEDED TO GET SUPPORT FROM LARGE SECTION OF SOCIETY ... HENCE PROGRESS CAN'T BE EXCLUSIVE TO A PARTICULAR CLASS
      - HOWEVER HE HELD THAT STATE REMAINS RELATIVELY AUTONOMUS.. IN CASE OF CRISIS IT WILL SHOW ITS TRUE FACE