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(the research process (measure variables (collect data to test the theory…

- - - - what to measure??
        
        dependent variable
        
        the proposed effect
        
        measured not manipulated (in experiments)
        
        an outcome variable
        
        hypothesis
        
        independent variable
        
        a manipulated variable (in experiments)
        
        a predictor variable
        
        the proposed caused
      - level of measurement
        
        categorical (entities are divided into distinct categories)
        
        nominal variable
        
        ordinal variable
        
        binary variable
        
        continuous (entities get a distinct score
        
        interval variable
        
        Equal intervals on the variable represent equal differences in the property being measured (6 to 8 = 13 to 15
        
        ratio variable
        
        The same as an interval variable, but the ratios of scores must also make sense
      - how to measure?
        
        cross-sectional research
        
        implies that data come from people at different age points with different people representing each age point
        
        experimental research
        
        variable is systematically manipulated to see their effect (alone or in combination) on an outcome variable.
        
        experimental research method
        
        confounding variables
        
        A variable (that we may or may not have measured) other than the predictor variables that potentially affects an outcome variable.
        
        ruling out confounds
        
        An effect should be present when the cause is present and that when the cause is absent the effect should be absent also
        
        cause and effect
        
        they should occur close together in time
        
        thecae must occur before effect does
        
        statements can be made about cause and effect
        
        correlational research
        
        Observing what naturally goes on in the world without directly interfering with it.
  - - - hypothesis
        
        a prediction from a theory
      - theories
      - falsification
        
        the act of disapproving a theory or hypothesis
  - - - finding something that needs explaining
        
        observe the real world
        
        read other reseach
      - collect the data
        
        to get the correct data you need to define variables
- - - - Evidence that the content of a test corresponds to the content of the construct it was designed to cover
    - - Evidence that the results of a study, experiment or test can be applied, and allow inferences, to real-world conditions