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English Grammar (Questions (qs) (Types of qs (Negetive qs (to express:…

- - - - to express: surprise, admiration, annoyance
      - to ask for confirmation
      - Don't you want to go? --- 1) Yes, I want. 2) No, I don't want
    - - Who knows...?
      - What happened...?
    - - Do you know (how)... ?
      - Can you tell me (why)... ?
      - Use if or whether where there is no other question word (what, why etc.):
        
        Did anybody see you? but Do you know if anybody saw you?
    - - direct The police officer said to us 'Where are you going?'
      - reported The police officer asked us where we were going.
    - - The meaning of a question tag depends on how you say it.
        
        If your voice goes down, you are not
        really asking a question; you are only inviting the listener to agree with you
        
        'lt's a nice day, isn't it?'-- 'Yes, beautiful.'
        
        But if the voice goes up, it is a real question
        
        'You haven't seen Lisa today, have you?' --'No, I haven't.'
        
        You can use a negative sentence + positive tag to ask for things or information, or to ask
        somebody to do something. The voice goes up at the end of the tag in sentences like these
        
        'You couldn't do me a favour, could oo?' --'lt depends what it is.'
        
        'You haven't got a pen, have you?' --'Yes, here you are.'
      - Exceptions
        
        After Let's ... , the question tag is shall we:
        
        Let's go for a walk, shall we? (the voice goes up)
        
        After Don't ... , the question tag is will you:
        
        Don't be late, will you? (the voice goes down)
        
        After I'm ... , the negative question tag is aren't I (=am I not):
        
        I'm right, aren't I?' 'Yes, you are.'
  - - - 'I don't know.' 'Neither do I.' or 'Nor do I.' or 'I don't either.'
  - - - I don't think so / I don't expect so
    - - I hope not / I'm afraid not / I guess not
    - - I don't suppose so or I suppose not
- - - - much / a lot / far ( = a lot) / a bit / a little / slightly ( = a little)
    - - I've waited long enough. I'm not waiting any longer.
    - - We also use the ... the ... to say that one thing depends on another thing:
        
        The warmer the weather, the better I feel.
        
        The sooner we leave, the earlier we will arrive.
  - - - Further (but not fart her) can a lso mean 'more' or 'additional'
  - - - You can also say not so ... (as)
        
        lt's not warm, but it isn't so cold as yesterday.
      - less ... than is similar to not as ... as
        
        I spent less money than you. (= I didn't spend as much money as you)
    - - twice as ... as, three times as ... as
        
        Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago.
      - We say the same as (not the same like):
        
        David is the same age as james.
      - Than me / than I am
        
        You're taller than me. --- You're taller than I am.
- - - - Spelling
        
        -fe, -f >> ves
        
        -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o >> this +es
        
        some vowel + y >> s
        
        But: deer >> deer, sheep >> sheep,
        
        some consonant + y >> ies
      - Reading
        
        /s/ noun ends with /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/, /th/
    - - The
        
        Usage
        
        Who? Which?
        
        the earth, the sun etc.
        
        river, sea/oceans, mountain range, desert and groups of islands/states
        
        musical instruments
        
        nationaliities, names of families
    - - Countable
        
        A countable noun can be singular (banana) or
        plural (bananas).
        
        We say that somebody has a long nose / a nice face / blue eyes / small hands etc
        
        Jack has a long nose.
        
        Remember to use a/an when you say what somebody's job is
        
        Sandra is a nurse.
        
        You can use some with plural countable nouns.
        
        (1) Some = a number of / a few of / a pair of
        
        I've seen some good movies recently
        
        (2) Some = some but not all
        
        Some children learn very quickly.
      - Uncountable
        
        An uncountable noun has only one form (rice).
        
        You can often use a .. . of. For example:
        a bowl / a packet / a grain of rice
        
        Coffee/tea/juice/beer etc. (drinks) are normally uncountable, But you can say a coffee(= a cup of coffee), two coffees (=two cups) etc.
        
        News is uncountable, not plural
        
        The news was very depressing.
        
        Travel (noun) means ~travelling in general' (uncountable).
        
        They spend a lot of money on travel.
      - Many nouns can be used as countable or uncountable nouns, usually with a difference in meaning.
        
        Did you hear a noise just now? --- I can't work here. There's too much noise.
      - The following nouns are usually uncountable
        
        accommodation
        advice
        baggage
        behaviour
        bread
        chaos
        damage
        furniture
        information
        luck
        luggage
        news
        permission
        progress
        scenery
        traffic
        weather
        work
- - - - sit - sitting, but open - opening
      - travel - travelling
      - lie - lying, die - dyng
      - write - writing. but see - seeing
    - - now
      - around now
  - - - some consonant + y >> ies
      - some vowel + y >> s
      - -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o >> this +es
    - - repeated actions
      - permanent states
      - general truths or laws of nature
- - - - Much is unusual in positive sentences
    - - We use many and a lot of in all kinds of sentences
      - We say many years / many weeks / many days (not a lot of)
    - - a little = not much but enough, a few = not many but enough
      - You can say only a little and only a few:
- - - - 1/2 – one-half / a half
      - 1/12 – one-twelfth
    - - 0.2 (pronounced "zero-point-two") or .2 (point-two)
      - 0.001 (zero-point-zero-zero-one)
      - 99.99 (ninety-nine-point-nine-nine)
      - In British English, a zero is usually read as "nought"
      - It is considered preferable to use decimal fractions with the words "million, billion" instead of the numerals with several zeros.
        
        1,500,000 – 1.5 million (pronounced "one-point-five million")
        
        3,200,000,000 – 3.2 billion (pronounced "three-point-two billion")
    - - 9/10 – nine-tenths
      - 33/100 – thirty-three hundredths