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Cognition (the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and…

- - - - Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information. Reasoning is associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect.
        
        Informal
        
        Intutive Reasoning
        
        Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge without proof, evidence, or conscious reasoning, or without understanding how the knowledge was acquired.
        
        Verbal Reasoning
        
        Verbal reasoning is understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words. It aims at evaluating ability to think constructively, rather than at simple fluency or vocabulary recognition.
        
        Types of verbal reasoning
        
        Premise
        
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        Syllogism
        
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        Proposition
        
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        Verbal analogies
        
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        Formal
        
        Logical Reasoning
        
        Inductive Reasoning
        
        attempts to support a determination of the rule. It hypothesizes a rule after numerous examples are taken to be a conclusion that follows from a precondition in terms of such a rule. Example: "The grass got wet numerous times when it rained, therefore: the grass always gets wet when it rains." While they may be persuasive, these arguments are not deductively valid, see the problem of induction.
        
        Science
        
        Abductuve Reasoning
        
        a.k.a. inference to the best explanation, selects a cogent set of preconditions. Given a true conclusion and a rule, it attempts to select some possible premises that, if true also, can support the conclusion, though not uniquely. Example: "When it rains, the grass gets wet. The grass is wet. Therefore, it might have rained." This kind of reasoning can be used to develop a hypothesis, which in turn can be tested by additional reasoning or data.
        
        Diagnosticians
        
        Scientists
        
        Detectives
        
        Deductive Reasoning
        
        determines whether the truth of a conclusion can be determined for that rule, based solely on the truth of the premises. Example: "When it rains, things outside get wet. The grass is outside, therefore: when it rains, the grass gets wet.
        
        Mathematical Logic
        
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        Philosphical Logic