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Approaches (Humanistic ((Maslow thought that self-actualisation could be…

- - - - Pavlov's dogs: Whenever the dogs were fed (UCS), Pavlov would ring a bell (NS). This bell then became associated with food, and the dogs began to salivate (CR) whenever they heard the bell (CS) in anticipation of food
        
        From this association, stimulus generalisation and discrimination occurs, and time/temporal contiguity is a key factor in creating the association
    - - Skinner's box contained a lever which would release a pellet down a chute when pressed (positive reinforcement), lights and loudspeakers which were used in some trials. The final addition was a metal floor that was electrified as punishment or negative reinforcement. As soon as the rat knew that pressing the lever would trigger the release of food, the rat would do so frequently
      - There are five types of reinforcement schedule, listed in order of quickest to extinction of behaviour: Continuous (every response is rewarded); fixed interval (rewards are given every thirty seconds); variable interval (interval times vary but average out); fixed ratio (A reward is given for a fixed amount of responses e.g. every third press); variable ratio (reward is given randomly when response occurs, making it unpredictable)
  - - - Used 36 female and 36 male participants and got them to observe adult males and females behaving either neutrally or aggressively towards a bobo doll, and then were placed in the room themselves and observed. Children who had observed aggressive behaviour did act more aggressively, and those who were the same gender as the role model also acted more aggressively, and boys were more aggressive than girls
    - - Retention: Whether the behaviour is remembered
      - Reproduction: We need the ability to recreate the behaviour
      - Attention: The behaviour must be noticed
      - Motivation: If the perceived rewards outweigh the perceived costs (reinforcement and punishment)
- - - - However, concordance rates are almost never 100%, suggesting that environment must have some involvement