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Disparities in Wealth and Development (Millennium Development goals (4:…
Disparities in Wealth and Development
Dependency Theory
Types of Nations
Periphery: Less Economically Developed Countries
Semi-Periphery: Developing countries
Core: More Economically Developed Countries
Accelerating Factors
Debt Accumulation
Trans-National Corporations
Investment into higher value industries
International bodies are dominated by developed countries
Reliance on foreign aid
Over population in LEDC's
DEFINITIONS
GNI (Gross national Income) total value of goods and services produced within a country together with the balance of income from or to other countries
GDP ( Gross domestic product) total value of everything produced by all the people and companies in the country. Doesn't matter if they are foreign companies they will still be counted in the countries GDP. Measures country's economy.
Economic Development - advances quality of life for people
Economic growth - expansion in size of country's economy
Remittances - Transfer of money or goods by foreign workers to their home countries
LEDC - Less economically developed countries
Characteristics of LEDC'S
High proportion of the population (70%to 90%) is involved in agriculture
People are often underemployed which means it would be possible to reduce the number of workers and still obtain the same results
Technology levels are low and tools and equipment are limited, simple and expensive
Little income per person and so many people exist near the subsistence level and as most savings are low investment and infrastructure is also low
Most exports comprise of a narrow range of primary products such as sugar, cocoa, timber, minerals which causes problems such as prices to fall when measured against imports of secondary (manufactured)
Over dependance on one or two primary products makes LEDC'S vulnerable to shift in global economy
MEDCC
Rostow Model
Traditional Society: Subsistence, Agriculture, Barter
Transitional Stage: Specialisation, Surpluses, Infrastructure
Take off: Industrialisation
Drive to Maturity: Diversification, innovation
High Mass Consumption: Consumer Centric, durable goods, service sector dominance
Factors Affecting Change
Education
Measurement
Education Spending
Years of schooling
Percentage of University Graduates
Pupil:Teacher ratio.
Adult literacy
One of the Key Criteria for the HDI.
Importance of Education
Family planning is stressed, hence less population
Knowledge on disease prevention
Educated people are less likely to be exploited
Better jobs and more independence
Reasons for Failure
Opposition to female education
Government cannot provide for free education
Children work instead of studying
Countries at war force students and teachers to fight
Farming is left to children
Income
Higher income allows for more money to be spent on healthcare and education
Not a measure of disparity as the cost of living may be high
Life Expectancy
Definition: The average age people are expected to live at birth.
Current: 70-80 years.
Big disparity in the Life Expectancies of Rich and Poor Countries
Factors Affecting Life Expectancy
Reasons for Increase/ Possible actions
Improved Diet
Better Provision for clean water
Immunisation/ eradication of disease
More medical care
More post natal care
Awareness about diet and hygiene
Reasons for lack of Increase
Prolonged war
Disease
Famine/Drought
Smoking+Drinking
Dangerous Jobs
Distance from Medical Care
Diet
Health Care
Millennium Development goals
4: Reduce Child Mortality
5: Improve Maternal Health
3: Promote Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women
6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
7: Ensure Environmental Stability
1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty & Hunger
8: Global Partnership
Indices for Measuring Disparities
Monetary Measures
Problems
Economic
Different currencies have different values, hence the measure is inaccurate
Informal economies cannot be measured
Valueless goods and services are not measured
Social
Infrastructure developments are not measured
Internal Variations are not recorded
Composite Measures