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States of Matter & Nanoparticles (3 states, solid, liquid, gas…
States of Matter & Nanoparticles
3 states, solid, liquid, gas
Depends on
material
strength of attraction between the particles
termperature
pressure
particle model theory to explain how they behave
s
strong forces of attraction, closed together, fixed in lattice arrangement
don't move definitive shape and volume
when heated vibrate so expand slightly
l
weak force, move freely but stick close to each other
definate volume but don't keep definitive shape, flow to fill bottom of container
move randomly, hotter move faster, so expand slightly
g
very weak, move freely and far apart, travel in strainght lines
don't keep definate shape or volume, fill up any container
random movement, heated move faster, expand or increase pressure
Limitation
partlcles not solid, inelastic or spheres, are atoms, ions or molecules
not show forces between particles and how strong thery are
can change from one state to the other
change is physical, change in thier arrangement or energy
How
solid heated, particles gain energy
makes vibrate & weaken forces
At melting point, melt, enough energy to break free from fixed position, solid to liquid
liquid heated, gain more energy
particles move faster, weakens the bond
Boiling point, Boils, enough energy to break bonds
As gas cools, not enough energy to overcome forces
bonds form between the particles
at boiling point so many bonds formed becomes liquid, condesing
liquid cools, particles have less energy so move around less
not enough energy to overcome so more bonds form
at melting point so may bonds formed, becomes solid, freezing
amount of energy depends on strength of forces
aqueous, aq, means dissolved in water
Predict state of substance
temperature below mp is solid
above bp will be gas
in between mp and bp will be liquid
Nanoscience use nanoparticles
Particles
Course
PM10, diameter between 2500nm (2.5 X 10-6) and
10000nm (1 X 10-5)
also called dust
Fine
PM2.5 100nm(1X 10-7) and 2500nm
nano
1nm (1X10-9) and 100nm
contain only a few hundred atoms
Have large surface area to volume ratio
surface volume ÷ volume
as size decreases, surface area increases in relation to volume
as decrease side of cube by factor of 10, ratio increases by factor of 10
property of material can be different, e.g more effective catalyst compared to normal size particles
can have many uses
new catalysts
nanomedicine
e.g fullerenes
more easily absorbed, deliver drug to the cell
some coduct electricity so use in
tiny electric circuits for computers
silver - antibacterial add to polymer fibres
in wound dressing or deadorants
improve moisturisers without making them oily
affect on health not fully understood
need to test to reduce risk
some say need to test fully before use
or label so people can choose
E.g suncream
Better protection and coveragge
could enter body and may damage,
or wash into environment and damage