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Cardiac Dynamics (cardiac cycle ((3) ventricular systole (AV close, iso…
Cardiac Dynamics
cardiac cycle
(2)
atrial systole (contraction) ends and atrial diastole (relaxation) begins
(3)
ventricular systole
AV close, iso-volumetric
semilunar valves open, blood is ejected
(1)
atrial systole (contraction) begins
(4)
ventricular diastole
all chambers relax
semilunar valves close
ejection fraction
the percentage of the EDV represented by the stroke volume
a measure of the hearts efficiency
SV / EDV
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
the amount of blood in the ventricle at the
end
of ventricular diastole (refilling)
factors that affect EDV
venous return
it changes in response to alterations in: cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral circulation, and skeletal muscle activity
rate of blood flow over this period
ex: when you exercise you have more venous return
filling time (depends on HR)
stroke volume (SV)
the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle during a single beat
EDV (before) - ESV (after) = SV
end-systolic volume (ESV)
the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular systole (contraction)
factors that affect ESV
contractility
hormones
ANS innervation
afterload (amount of tension the ventricle must produce to force open the semilunar valve and eject blood)
ex:
aortic valve stenosis will result in increased afterload
pre-load (how much was put in)
cardiac output (CO)
stroke volume
x
heart rate
volume of blood the heart pumps out in a minute