Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
HG2200 BIOLOGICAL PSYCH L1 (Biological Psychology (animal research…
HG2200 BIOLOGICAL PSYCH L1
Biological Psychology
biology = hardware
psychology = software
relating biology to issues of psychology
the study of physiological, evolutionary and developmental mechanism of behaviour and experience
Tinburgen
why do we have certain functions?
physiological
how does this behaviour
occur
in the
individual
light is transformed to electrical signals in the retina and transmitted to the brain
a specific neural network
relation between brain and body
ontogenetic
how did such a function
develop
in the
individual
early visual experience is critical for development of normal visual systems
nature vs nurture
evolutionary
how did such a function
form
in a
species
the formation of the visual system
our facial expressions share a common evolutionary root with monkeys
what evolved from what
functional
why is this behaviour
adaptive
for the
species
e.g. finding food or mate
a specific neural network enables us to do so
why something was advantageous and therefore evolutionarily selected
EXAMPLES
being able to see
physiological
light is transformed to electrical signals and transmitted to the brain
ontogenetic
genetics and environmental factors contribute to the factor of seeing things
evolutionary
functional
to be able to detect danger / find food and mate
having facial expressions
physiological
section of brain activates muscles that express emotions through specific neural network
ontogenetic
nature vs nurture ; innately wired, babies and blind individuals can express extreme disgust w/o external input
evolutionary
expressions exist to project different meanings in other species such as monkeys
functional
to facilitate communication
animal research
similarities in underlying mechanisms
interest in animal biology
cross-species comparison
opposition
minimalists : useful up to certain extent
abolitionist : no animal research at all
nerve cells and impulses
levels of the body
chemical
cell
cellular
smooth muscle
cell
tissue
smooth muscle
tissue
organ
stomach
system
digestive
nervous system
Central Nervous System
brain + spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
organisimal
person
terminology
afferent (approach)
ascending
e.g. from fingers to the brain (peripheral to CNS)
efferent (exit)
descending
e.g. from brain to leg (peripheral to CNS)
types of cells
neurons
nervous system contains 100 billion neurons
receive / transmit signal to and from other neurons
neurons are
not
connected, but consist of individual cells, like the rest of the body
discovered after Cajal used Golgi methods to stain brain
basic structure
soma
body of the cell
nucleus
ribosomes (protein synthesis)
mitochondria (energy)
dendrite
branches that make a small gap (
synapses
) with other neurons to receive signal
axon
a thin fiber
used to send signals (
action potentials
) to the nerve ending (
presynaptic terminal
)
can be very long
nerve ending (presynaptic terminal)
the end of an axon
contains chemicals released in the synapse
myelin sheath
fatty substance surrounding axons
forms electrically insulatting layer
while myelination makes transmission more efficient, non-myelinated neurons exist where efficiency is not crucial (evolutionarily C fibres that transmit info abt temperature and prolonged pain)
nodes of ranvier
periodic gaps in myelin sheath
increases speed of signal transmission with myelin sheath along the axon
types of neurons
pyramidal
purkinje
bipolar
look different but have the same function of receiving and transmitting information
glia cells
functions
make myelin sheath
synchronise activity of neurons
activity such as transmission of info
(Blood Bran Barrier
) limit chemicals that can move between blood vessel and neurons
only a few molecules can cross the barrier
O2
CO2
glucose
amino acids
junction between cells is much tighter in brain capillaries as compared to blood capillaries in other parts
work as an immune system to remove waste and virus
control amount of blood flow
guide migration of neurons during development
two types
oligodendrocytes (CNS / brain)
schwann cells (peripheral nervous system / spinal cord)
help neurons function effectively
How do neurons signal
potential
resting
around -70mV,
there are
more potassium ions inside
the neuron than sodium ions outside
because of the Na-K pump, potassium ions can exit while sodium ions cannot
concentration gradient
causes potassium ions go out,
electric gradient
with chlorine anions mean that neurons becomes more negative insides
negative charge pulls back potassium cations going out
two forces are balanced at some point where
electric gradient = concentration gradient
ion channel for potassium cations (K+ channel) is somewhat open at resting potential
Na - K pump
brings in K+ from outside
moves Na+ outside
contributing to different concentrations of Na+ and K+ inside and outside
number of potassium cations
exiting
= number of potassium cations
entering
membrane
Na+ channel is
closed
at resting potential
Na - K pump
ion channel
special gates that allow specific ions across the membrane
ion channel for K+ is somewhat open at resting potential
terminology
electric gradient
electric potential
concentration gradient
when neurons membrane is at rest, sodium ions are more concentrated
outside
the cell and potassium ions are more concentrated
inside
Na-K pump moves Na+ outside and moves K+ ions in
when membrane is at rest,
concentration gradient
draw
K+ ou
t and electrical gradient draws them in
acting
Mind Body problem
dualism
completely
different
monism
essentially
the same
more commonly used