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Macromolecules : (Lipids- low solubility in water (Fats- Formed by three…

- - - - Ketone Sugars- carbonyl group (C=O) in middle of carbon skeleton
        
        EX: Fructose
      - Aldehyde Sugars- Carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a carbon skeleton
        
        EX: Glucose, liver stores for later use
    - - EX: Maltose is the bondage of two molecules of glucose. Sucrose (table sugar) bonage of one glucose and one fructose molecules. Lactose: one glucose and one galactose
    - - Purpose- sugar storage for cells or building material for structures that protect cells or the whole organism.
        
        Function determined by sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages
        
        Storage- stored as starch, later used for energy
        
        Amylose
        
        Amylopectin
  - - - Enzyme- change and regulate the rate of chemical reactions
      - Contractile Proteins- move parts of a cell
      - Gene regulatory Proteins- bind to DNA and controls whether or not certain genes will be read. Allows cells to be specialized for different functions
      - Defensive Proteins- antibodies
      - Transport Proteins- carry molecules around the body EX: hemoglobin is the transport protein for oxygen in the blood
      - Storage Proteins- store building components to make other proteins
      - Signal Proteins- hormones, bind to receptor proteins
      - Structural Proteins- cell parts move on and bind cells together
      - Receptor Proteins- relay messages to cells from hormones
      - Sensory Proteins- detect environmental changes (light, sound) and produces signals that call for a response
    - - Tertiary- irregular twists and folds that give protein 3D shape, result of reactions between the hydrophobic R group of amino acids
      - Primary
      - Secondary- alpha helixes and beta pleated sheet, result of hydrogen bonding between atoms along polypeptide backbone
      - Quaternary- two or more polypeptide chains, stabilized by ionic and covalent bonds
- - - - Excess can lead to heart disease and contribute to high levels of cholesterol
    - - Trans Fats- Unsaturated fats with trans double bonds caused by hydrogenating fats. contribute to high levels of cholesterol