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Crime & The Criminal Justice System (CRIME (Types of Crimes #…

- - - - Prosecution of accused
      - Defense of accused
      - Preservation of rights
      - Adjudication
      - Due Process #
        
        Law as a value
        
        Protection of liberty and freedoms
        
        Adversarial ideal of justice
        
        Innocent until proven guilty
        
        A model that assumes freedom for individuals who are wrongly accused and risk unjust punishment is so important that every effort must be made to ensure that criminal justice decisions are based on reliable information; it emphasizes the adversarial process, the rights of defendants, and formal decision-making procedures
    - - Charging
      - Initial Appearance
      - Preliminary hearing/Grand Jury
      - Information/Indictment
      - Arraignment
      - Trial
      - Sentencing
      - Appeals
    - - Doing Justice
        
        Focusing on fairness and equity in treatment of people - 3 principles
        
        Like offenses will be treated alike
        
        Officials will take into account relevant differences among offenders and offenses
        
        The rights of persons who have contact with the system will be protected
        
        Offenders will be held fully accountable for their actions
    - - Two Justice Systems
        
        State
        
        Where most criminal justice activity occurs
        
        Majority of crimes defined here
        
        Laws are enforced
        
        Offenders brought to justice in states, counties, and cities
        
        BOTH
        
        Enforce laws
        
        Try criminal cases
        
        Punish offenders
        
        National/Federal
        
        FBI
        
        U.S. District courts
        
        Federal Courts
        
        Federal Prisons
        
        Federal drug offenses
      - Each case is tried in a court of the same jurisdiction as that of the law or laws broken
      - A system consisting of a separate judicial system for each state in addition to a national system
  - - - Community corrections
        
        Local Level
      - Institutional corrections
        
        State Level or higher
    - - Corrections
        
        Prison/Jail
      - Release
        
        Parole
    - - Preventing Crime
        
        Citizens do not have the authority to enforce law
        
        However, can and must be actively engaged in preventing crime
        
        The deterrent effect of actions of police, courts and corrections
  - - - Apprehension of law violators
      - Crime prevention
      - Social Services
      - Peacekeeping = crowd control
    - - Investigation
      - Arrest
      - Booking
    - - Controlling Crime
        
        Goal of crime control is actively pursued by:
        
        Police officers walk a beat
        
        Patrol cars race down dark streets
        
        Lawyers speak before a judge
        
        Probation officers visit clients
        
        Guards patrol prison grounds
        
        Crime Control
        
        Order as a value
        
        Crime repression
        
        Emphasis on the ability of law enforcement officers/courts to find and punish criminals
        
        Assembly-line justice
        
        A model that assumes freedom for the public to live without fear is so important that every effort must be made to repress crime"it emphasizes efficiency, speed, finality, and the capacity to apprehend, try, convict, and dispose of a high proportion of offenders
        
        Must be carried out within framework of law:
- - - - Layer 1: The celebrated cases
        
        Highly unusual
        
        Receive much public attention
        
        Result in a jury trial
        
        Often drag on through many appeals
      - Layer 4: The misdemeanors
        
        Trials are rare
        
        Processes are informal
        
        Typically result in fines, probation or short jail sentences
        
        About 90% of crimes
      - Layer 3"The lesser felones
        
        Victim may have had relationship with accused
        
        Many filtered out of system through plea bargaining
        
        Same offences as Layer 2, but offender has no record
      - Layer 2: The serious felonies
        
        Committed by persons with criminal records
        
        Victims don't usually have relationship with offender
        
        Violent crimes/Considered serious by officials
    - - Violent
      - Property
      - Public Order
  - - - Part 1 and Part 2 crimes
      - 29 Categories
    - - Hidden crime
      - Dark figure crime
    - - 46 Offenses
      - 22 Categories