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Vitamins (Water Soluble (Vitamin C (collagen formation (made from glycine,…

- - - - made from glycine, proline, hydroxyproline [made propyl hydrolase (vitamin C cofactor)]
        
        hydrogen bonds
      - major connective tissue
  - - - Wet: high carbohydrate intake but are B1 deficient
      - Dry: caloric restriction with B1 deficiency
      - Caused by high carbohydrate diet, alcoholism in industrial countries, malnutrition from obesity surgery, AIDS, advanced caner , extreme morning sickness, long term dialysis
      - Cerebral Beriberi: brain damage, associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (nystagum, ataxia and confusion memory loss, hallucination, confabulation)
        
        Seen in chronic alcoholism (problems with absorption of vitamins)
  - - - European corn cultivation in 1700s and poor communities in southern US in the early 1900s
        
        In Mexico, corn is soaked in lime (calcium hydroxide); the alkali solution releases niacin from corn can prevent deficiency
  - - - Affect rapidly growing cells
    - - Anencephaly: missing brain
      - Spina Bifida: parts of the spinal cord protrude outside the backbones
        
        Meningomyelocele
        
        Meningocele
  - - - Methionine:affects protein synthesis, methylation reaction, methionine is made from homocysteine, so B12 deficiency leads to increased levels of homocysteine levels
      - Succinyl-coA in used for Hb synthesis and breakdown of protein and fats
    - - Pernicious anemia : sore mouth and swollen red tongue, tingling hands/ feet; diarrhea, lethargy, confusion, dementia. Megaloblastic anemia (malformed blood cells due to insufficient DNA replication); also neurological symptoms due to decrease in folate
        
        Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder that attacks body's ability to make intrinsic factor by parietal cells of stomach (intrinsic factors need for B12 absorption)
        
        Caused by alcoholism (malnutrition and reduced ability of the GI tract to absorb nutrients)
      - High homocysteine: increased cardiovascular disease; increase in cancer;
- - - - Essential in the eye for corneal and conjunctival epithelia cell RNA and glycoprotein synthesis
    - - Can caused by malabsorption due to Crohn's disease or bariatric surgery
        
        Oral supplement ineffective (malabsorption), require parenteral vitamin A injections