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HUMAN RIGHTS (INTRODUCTION: (FEATURES OF HUMAN RIGHTS: (UNIVERSALIBITY,…

- - - - ART 14 RIGHT OF ASYLUM SEEKERS
      - ART 27: CULTURAL RIGHTS
      - ART 29 -30
        
        FOCUS ON EVERONE'S DUTIES TO COMMUNITY
        TO ENSURE FULL DEVELOPMENT AND PERSONALITY
- - - - UN D ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 1966
      - UN D ON SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS 1966
      - UNDR
      - THSE 3 TOGETHER CALLED BILL OF RIGHTS
- - - - DENAIL OF HUMAN RIGHTS IS DENAIL OF HUMAN EXISTENCE
  - - - GAVE THEORY OF NATURAL RIGHTS
    - - GAVE CONCEPT OF HUMAN DIGNITY
  - - - 1ST CHALLENGE CAME FROM COMMUNIST WHICH LEAD TO EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS (2ND GEN RIGHTS)
        
        THAN AS A RESULT OF DECOLONIALISM: MANY THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES BECAME THE MEMBERS OF UNGA
        THIS LEAD TO DEMAND OF COLLECTIVE RIGHTS LIKE DEVELOPMENT, PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT, RECOGNITION OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY
    - - CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
        
        THESE RIGHTS ARE AGAINST GOVT. INTERFRENCE
        TO REFRAIN FROM EXECUTIVE ARM OF GOVT.
    - - SOCIO-POLITICAL RIGHTS
        
        RECOGNISED MAINLY BY INTERNATIONAL COVENANTS OF ECONOMIC & SOCIAL & CULURAL RIGHTS 1966
        
        RIGHTS ENABLED TO BRING SOCIAL JUSTICE
    - - DEVELOPDED AS A RESULT OF GLOBALAIZATION
        
        GLOBAL THREATS LIKE TERRORISM, CLIMATE CHANGE
        
        GLOBAL MIGRATION: IMMIGRANTS REQUIRED TO PRESERVE THEIR CULTURE....THERE BY NEED OF CULTURAL RIGHTS
      - ALSO BECOZ OF DECOLONAISATION
      - 3RD GEN RIGHTS : SEEKS TO ENDOW THE INDIVIDUAL WITH BENEFITS OF WORLD CITIZENSHIP
    - - 1ST GEN RIGHT TO LIFE: PROTECTION FROM ARBITRARY ACTION FROM THE STATE
      - 2 GEN: RIGHT TO EDUCATION INTERPRETED BY SC U/A 21
      - 3RD GEN OF RIGHT:RIGHT TO FOOD, SAFE DRINKINHG WATER. ETC U/A 21
- - - - SO COMMUNIST REGIME BELIEVE THAT HUMAN RIGHTS IS WESTERN PROPAGANDA FOR INTERVENTION IN DOMESTIC AFFAIRS
    - - SO SOME SCHOLARS IN DEVELOPING WORLD CALLED IT AS CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
    - - THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IS AMBIGUIOUS CONCEPT ..... HUMAN RIGHTS ARE JUST MORAL GUIDELINES
    - - CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGE
        
        INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY HAS AGRREMENT ONLY ON NECEESITY OF PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS NOT BEYOND THAT THEIR IS LACK OF CONSENSUS LIKE:
        
        THERE IS NO CONSENSUS EVEN ON DEFINITION OF HUMANS
        LIKE TERRORIST A HUMAN OR NOT
        
        NO CONSENSUS FROM WHERE HUMAN RIGHTS STARTS :- WHETHER IT STARTS FROM WOMB OF MOTHER OR AFTER BIRTH
        
        THERE IS DEBATE B/W PRO LIFE AND PRO CHOICE
        
        THERE IS DISAGREEMENT ON BASIC RIGHTS
        :LIKE WESTERN COUNTRIES CONSIDER RIGHT TO LIFE, LIBERTY AS BASIC RIGHT
        
        WHEREAS ASAIN COUNTRIES LIKE CHINA, IRAN , RUSSIA
        
        CLAIMS IT AS A STRATEGY FOR REGIME CHANGE
        
        THESE COUNTRIES ARE OF VIEW THAT THESE RIGHTS ARE NOT IN SYNC WITH ASIAN VALUES... AS INDIVIDUALISM IS NOT ASIAN VALUE BUT COMMUNITARIAN IS..
      - INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES
        
        SO FAR NGO ACTIVISM HAS BEEN SHOWN BY WESTERN NGO'S AND THERE APPROACH HASN'T BEEN NEUTRAL
        
        FOR EG: USA TALKING ABOUT HUMAN RIGHTS VOILATION IN SYRIA BUT NOTABOUT MYANMAAR, ISRAEL, SAUDI ARABIA
        
        IN DOMESTIC SPHERE HUMAN RIGHTS ARE EXPECTED TO BE ENFORCED BY STATE BUT HUMAN ROGHTS ALSO RESTRICTS THE POWER OF STATE
        
        IN 3RD WORLD COUNTRIES MOST OF THEM ARE MARRED BY SESSIONIST MOVT. STATE CURBING THE INSURGANTS ARE TAKEN AS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOATION
      - ALTERNATE PREPECTIVE:
        
        WEST SHOULD NOT TRY TO IMPOSE THEIR CONCEPTION OF RIGHTS ON 3RD WORLD COUNTRIES
        
        RIGHTS CAN'T BE DETACHED FROM CULTURAL IDENTITY... THIS IS BECOZ APPEAL FOR MULTICULTURALISM IS RISING
        
        ACC. TO BHIKU PARIEKH
        
        THERE IS A NEED FOR DIALOGUE B/W CIVILIZATION . TO EVOLVE INTO CONSENSUSAROUND SOME BASIC VALUES : GOVERNING HUAMN RIGHTS... HUMAN DIGNITY CAN BE ONE SUCH VALUE