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The Beatles - Revolver (Technology (Tomorrow Never Knows (Fade in and fade…
The Beatles - Revolver
Harmony & Tonality
Here, There and Everywhere
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The Kinks - Waterloo Sunset - uses mainly tonic/dominant but does feature some harmony in the supertonic minor
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I Want To Tell You
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Verses - unusual 11 bars: 3&1/2 on A before shifting up a tone to B7 then 4 of dominant harmony w/ min9th
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Melody
Eleanor Rigby
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Kula Shaker - Govinda - conjunct, syllabic vocal line
Here, There and Everywhere
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Eleanor Rigby & Here, There and Everywhere - lyrical melodies
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Rhythm & Metre
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Here, There and Everywhere
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Tomorrow Never Knows
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Syncopation, off-beat entries & Lombardic rhythms in chaotic instrumental
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Structure & Form
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Here, There and Everywhere
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Eleanor Rigby
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Each verse has unusual length of 10 bars split 2x5 - each 'extra' bar has a one bar vocal phrase e.g. 'lives in a dream'
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Texture
Eleanor Rigby - change of texture in Verse 3 --> High held 'E' in Violin 1; Syncopated rhythm in Violin 2; Staccato Quavers in Viola; Cello has crotchets as before.
Here, There and Everywhere
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General Context
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Decided to stop touring - gave more creative freedom for experimentation --> the music didn't have to be re-created live on stage
First time their interest in drugs was shown - Tomorrow Never Knows --> song's inspiration came from Lennon's wish to musically recreate the sensations of an LSD trip
Revolver topped the UK charts for 7 weeks and spent a total of 34 weeks on the charts. In the US, it spent 6 weeks at No.1
^Lyrics partly derived from book 'The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on The Tibetan Book of the Dead' and Lennon wrote the song whilst under the influence of hallucinogen, LSD.
Instrumentation
Eleanor Rigby
McCartney's singing - no vibrato, precisely enunciated - compliments the negative lyrics depicting the life and death of a lonely spinster - lyrics very different to those of the usual love songs of the time
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Use of double-stopping and some divisi and staccato in String Quartet & frequently fill between (backing) vocals e.g. in between backing vocal phrases of intro
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Here, There and Everywhere
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Drums rarely used and almost inaudible; no lead guitar - just basic backing guitar chords to emphasise 2nd and 4th beats
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Tomorrow Never Knows
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Drum track continues unchanged throughout and is more prominent than in the others. Sound was altered using studio techniques e.g. reverse cymbals
Kula Shaker - Govinda - prominent Indian influence: use of Sitar/Tanpura/Tabla; Indian inspired opening vocals; Indian lyrics praising Krishna and invoking his blessing
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Technology
Had all 5 loops playing simultaneously on a mixing desk with faders --> each member had to man a fader and slide them up/down at the right time to record them into backing track
Therefore, recording of Tomorrow Never Knows is a performance which cannot ever be exactly recreated
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Here, There and Everywhere - B section - Guitar counter-melody --> mandolin sound created by Leslie Cabinet (a combined amplifier and loudspeaker which modifies sounds by rotating the speakers)
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Tomorrow Never Knows
5 tape loops: Loop 1 - Seagull sounds (a laugh reversed and sped up); Loop 2 - Mellotron with flute setting; Loop 3 - Mellotron with string setting; Loop 4 - Rising sitar phrase; Loop 5 - Sustained orchestral chord
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Oasis (heavily influenced by The Beatles) - Don't Look Back in Anger --> use of mellatron to record string and piano parts & also contains a guitar solo
The Japanese House --> Pools To Bathe In - recorded sounds and loops (e.g.barking dog) Sister - vocal effects and use of close harmony
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Stockhausen (influenced The Beatles) - Gesang der Jünglinge & Kontakte - unusual timbres, recorded loops and distorted, eerie vocals
General Context
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Released in August 1966, 'Revolver' marked mid-point of career and turning point of experimentation - shows influence from Western and Indian classical, Psychedelic Rock and Musique Concrète styles
Musique Concrète - music created by mixing recorded sounds. First developed by experimental composers of the 1940s - basis created by Pierre Schaeffer in early 40s. Originally created using record players, mixing desks (with filters and mechanical reverberation) and microphones.
^Techniques used include: sound transposition, sound-looping and sound sample extraction
Indian Classical - Harrison influences by Eastern Philosophy & musical styles --> He was beginning to study the sitar