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L2 Understanding Health, Disease & Well-Being - How healthy are…
L2 Understanding Health, Disease & Well-Being - How healthy are Australians?
Australia's health
We are feeling good
- in 2014-15, 85% of Aus aged 15 & over self-rated their h as good or better
By many measures, we are doing well
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What is health?
- " ... is a state of complete physical, mental & social well-being & not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" (WHO, 1948
- " A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a +ve concept emphasizin social & personal resources, awa physical capacities"
Australia's health agencies take a broad view of health & functioning, incorporating both phys & mental dimensions, & genetic, cultural, socioeconomic & environm determinants. Based on the following concepts:
- h important part of well being, of how ppl feel & function
- h contributes to soc & economic wellbeing
- h not simply the absense of disease or injury, & il y a degrees of good health
- managing health includes being able to promote good health, identify & manage risks & prevent disease
- disease processes can develop over many years before they show themselves thru symptoms
Conceptual framework for Aus' health '16
- A person's h&wb depends on 2 gen factors:
~ 'determinants'- things that influence health
~ 'interventions' & the reqd resources
Measures of h - Glossary
- life expectancy: measure of length of life. Often expressed as either the #yrs a newborn bby is expected to live, or as the expected #yrs of life remaining for a person of a given age
- Mortality: #deaths in a pop in given period
Morbidity: refers to ill health in an ind & to lvls of ill h within a pop/grp
- comorbidity: occurrence of 2 or more dieases in a person at any one time
- Incidence: #new cases occurring in a given period
- Prevalence: #proportion of cases in a pop @ given time.
- Disability-adjusted life year (DALY): a yr of healthy life 'lost', wither thru dying early or thru living w/ disability due to illness/injury
~ combines the est. yrs of life lost (YLL)- which measures the yrs lost between the age @ which a person dies & #yrs they could have potentially gone on to live- & years lived w/ disability (YLD), to arrive @ total yrs of healthy life lost from living w/ disease & injury
Burden of disease (expressed as DALY)
- a measure of the h impact of disease on a pop in a given year- both from dying from, & living w/, disease & injuries. Awa providing an overall measure, burden of disease estimates show how diff diseases have an impact on the h of the pop.
Concerns
Burden of disease dominated by 3 disease grps [chronic disease & injuries]
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular disease
- mental disorders
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Most common chronic diseases in ppl
- Cardiovascular disease
- Mental health conditions
- Back pain & problems
- Arthritis
- Asthma
Most common chronic disease comorbidities
- Back pain & problems
- Arthritis CVD
Dying 200y/a to NOW
- ideas & causes of death changed
- From worries of spont. combustion & near-misses from cannonballs → new threats (from changes to lifestyle & environm)
1990 [#deaths per 100 000
- Pneumonia or influenza: 202.2
- Tuberculosis 194.4
- GI infections 142.7
- Heart disease 137.4
2010
- Heart disease 192.9
- Cancer 185.9
- Non-infections airways diseases 44.6
Reason for change: communicable to non-communicable
- Vaccines: treat/prevent influenza
- Better hygiene: prevent TB, other infections