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english (noun (uncountable noun (不能直接用数词修饰，要加上量词 (a piece of news),…

- - - - 可数名词
        
        个体名词, student
        
        集体名词, team
      - 不可数名词
        
        集体名词, paper
        
        抽象名词, hope
  - - - a piece of news
- - - - 词义：有／作用：必须和实义动词一起使用
      - can/could/be able to, may/might, shall/should/ought to/be supposed to, will/would/be going to, must/have to/have got to, had better, need, dare
    - - 词义：有／作用：可单独使用
      - 除了助动词，情态动词，都是实义动词
    - - 词义：无／作用：必须与实义动词一起使用
      - be / do / have
  - - - linking verb 联系动词
        
        subject + verb + predicative
        
        表语通常是名词或形容词，副词通常不做表语
        
        be / look / sound / smell / taste / feel / seem / appear / become / turn
        
        后面接表语（主语补足语）
      - intransitive verb 不及物动词
        
        subject + verb [+ adverbial]
        
        意义完整，不需要宾语。
        
        可以加上状语来修饰动作
        
        状语可以是副词、介词短语
      - transitive verb 及物动词
        
        subject + verb + object
        
        大多数动词都是不及物动词，包括下面细分的 dative / factitive
        
        后面接单个宾语
      - dative verb 双宾动词
        
        subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
        
        动作需要两个对象，比如 lend / me / ten dollor
        
        后面接双宾语（直接+间接），通常是人（间接）和物（直接）show me your code
      - factitive verb 宾补动词
        
        subject + verb + object + object complement
        
        object + be + object complement 会是个语义通顺的句子（用来区分双宾语和复合宾语
        
        后面接复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）
- - - - am/is/are doing
      - 对话时正在进行的
        
        what are you doing?
      - 某段时间內持续进行的
        
        i'm not teaching English this month.
      - 变化类动词，表示逐渐变化的过程
        
        change / come / get / become / grow / deteriorate / ...
        
        it's getting dark.
      - 强烈的感情色彩
        
        不是强调动作正在进行，强调个人的强烈情感
        
        i'm not having this conversation with you.
      - 将来的确定的安排
        
        i'm staying at Beijing.
        
        与 be going to 区别
        
        be going to 还带有不确定性。be doing 是确定了的
        
        be going to 主语可以是物，表示预测。 be doing 是人
      - 与 always 等连用，表示重复
        
        he is always messing up the kitchen.
        
        always / forever / continually / constantly / ...
        
        通常带感情色彩
    - - was/were doing
      - 过去特定时刻正在发生的事情
        
        it was raining so hard, but no one stopped working.
      - 口语中，表达委婉的请求、建议
        
        不代表时间在过去，更多是探寻的感觉
        
        i was hoping that you'd like to lend me your car.
        
        相比之下，i hope to borrow your car. 显得直截了当，欠礼貌。
      - 两个动作
        
        两个短动作，都用 past simple
        
        从句先，主句后
        
        i telephoned Harry when she arrived. 先 arrived 再 telephoned
        
        i was telephoning Harry when she arrived. 持续中，发生了 arrived
        
        一长一段，长的用 past continuous，短的用 past simple
        
        表示一个持续进行的背景下，发生了某个短暂动作
        
        i was watching TV when the telephone rang.
        
        两个长动作，都用 past continuous
        
        while i was studying last night, my wife was watching TV.
        
        分不出两个动作的先后
        
        用 while / when 连接两个动作
        
        while 只能接长动作
        
        the car exploded while i was walking pass it.
        
        when 可以接长动作，也能接短动作
        
        the car exploded when i was walking pass it.
        
        i was walking pass the car when it exploded.
    - - will be doing
      - 想象中未来某一时刻正在做某事
        
        by this time next year, i will be writing my thesis.
      - 计划好的事情
        
        与 present continuous 区别
        
        be doing 只表示最近的将来，will be doing 可近可远
        
        i am meeting him tomorrow.
        
        i will be meeting him tomorrow / next year.
        
        be doing 需要有明确的时间状语，will be doing 不需要
        
        he is working in this room next Monday.
        
        he will be working in this room.
      - 另一个短动作发生的背景
        
        they will probably will be watching TV when we get there.
      - 口语问句，客气地询问
        
        will you be staying in this evening? 没有干涉的意思
        
        will you stay in this evening? 请求、命令的意味
      - 客观的将来，避免与意愿（will do）混淆
        
        Marry won't be paying this bill. 说话人的猜测
        
        Marry won't pay this bill. 主语 marry 本人的意愿
  - - - 不受时间限制的事实、真理、格言
        
        the world is round.
      - 经常发生的活动
        
        he is always late.
      - do / does
      - 与 present perfect 区别
        
        present simple 没有时间段的概念
        
        i swim 1000 meters everyday.
        
        present perfect 指的时到目前为止，有时句子会加上明确的时间
        
        i have been swimming 1000 meters everyday.
      - 正在发生的事情
        
        here comes your wife.
        
        短暂的事情，瞬间的动作
      - 在口语中代替 present perfect
        
        仅用于 hear / find / see / learn / tell / read / ... 等部分动词
        
        i hear (=have heard) you're getting married.
      - 过去发生的事情
        
        Bacon says, "reading makes a full man; ..."
      - 将来发生的事情
        
        未来的计划，时间安排
        
        we move next week.
        
        在从句中表示将来动作，主句用将来时
        
        i will reward the person who finds my lost kitten.
        
        在条件状语、时间状语从句中，表示将来
        
        please let me know when he comes back.
    - - did
      - 过去某个时间发生的短暂动作、状态
        
        经常会加上表示过去的时间状语
        
        i begun learn english ten years ago.
      - 过去一段时间內重复、延续的动作
        
        i slept for eight hours last night.
      - 与 present perfect + for + 时间段的区别
        
        past simple 表示过去的动作已经结束了
        
        she lived in our town for three years.
        
        present perfect 表示动作延续到现在，还可能继续下去
        
        she has lived in our town for three years.
      - 口语中，past simple / past continuous 的语气更委婉
        
        could you give me a hand?
    - - 各自用法比较独立，联系不大，不需要横行比较
    - - will do
      - 预测，猜测将来发生的可能性
        
        will you travel to stars?
        
        will 与 be going to 区别
        
        will 比 be going to 更正式
        
        口语中 be going to 缩写成 be gonna
        
        对朋友说 i'm gonna have the chicklen
        
        对服务员说 i'll have the chicken
        
        be going to 有更多证据，will 只是个人推测
        
        the traffic is terrible. we are going to late.
        
        i think she will make a come back.
        
        be going to 是很快就要发生的事情，will 可以是很快也可以是以后
        
        the bridge is going to collaspe.
        
        the bridge will collapse.
        
        be going to 表示说话者无力控制
        
        i'm going to fall.
        
        条件状语从句、时间状语从句的主句中，只用 will
        
        you will feel better if you take this medicine.
        
        是说话人做预测，对句子主语没有要求
      - 意愿
        
        是句子主语的意愿，主语必须是人
        
        will 与 be going to 的区别
        
        be going to 是计划，通常已经做了一些准备
        
        i'm going to buy some milk.
        
        be going to 有强烈感情色彩，决心
        
        we're going to become the world's leading forwarding company.
        
        will 是无意愿，无准备的，临时起意
        
        i will buy some milk.
      - 其他结构表将来
        
        present continuous
        
        主语必须是人，句子中必须有表示将来的时间状语
        
        与 present simple 的区别
        
        present simple 更正式
        
        i leave tonight.
        
        present continuous 个人色彩更浓
        
        i am leaving tonight.
        
        i'am flying to beijing next monday.
        
        与 be going to 区别
        
        be doing 是确定无疑的
        
        i'm taking my holiday in April.
        
        be going to 有不确定性
        
        i'm going to take a holiday in April.
        
        present simple
        
        i begin to work at the swan laundry on Monday,
        
        be about to do
        
        the train is about to leave.
        
        很快就要发生
        
        be on the point of doing
        
        the child was on the verge of laughing, but he held back.
        
        很快就要发生
        
        be to do
        
        已经安排好的事情
        
        she is to be married next month.
        
        相当于 must/should
        
        these tables are not to be taken orally.
  - - - past
      - future
      - present
      - past future
    - - continuous
      - perfect
      - simple
      - perfect continuous
  - - - have/has did
      - 延续
        
        谓语动词要具备延续性
        
        i have been married for over a year.
        
        时间状语要具备延续性
        
        没有延续性的时间状语，表示动作没有延续到现在
        
        John has lived in Paris for ten years. 现在还在巴黎
        
        John has lived in Paris. 现在不在巴黎了
        
        since ... / for ... / util now / so far / ...
      - 重复
        
        与一般过去时的区别
        
        I have called him three times this morning. 已经三次，可能还要继续
        
        I called him three times this morning. 已经过去了，就三次，没了。
        
        谈论已经过时的人，通常用一般过去时。已经不会重复进行了。
        
        完成时表示到目前为止情况如何，还能变化。
      - 影响
        
        需要结合上下文，分析影响
        
        David has fallen in love, and that's why he's becoming excited.
        
        近的过去
        
        口语中，用现在完成时引出话题，用一般过去时谈论具体内容。
        
        The President has been assassinated. He was killed last night when he spoke in crowd.
        
        远的过去
        
        过往的经历
        
        Have you ever taken office supplies from your company?
        
        现在完成时询问对方经历，一般过去时具体讨论
        
        Have you ever eaten snails? I has them last time.
        
        一般过去时讲述自己经历，现在完成时询问对方
        
        一般现在时讲述常见经历，现在完成时询问对方
      - 内容表达
        
        动作的现在完成时态相当于状态的一般现在时
        
        I have married. 感情色彩较浓，只适用于新婚不久
        
        I am married. 客观表达
        
        最近发生的动作，用现在完成时来表达状态
        
        动作表达强调最近发生，状态表达强调较远的过去
        
        He has come here. = He is here. 他到了，在这里
        
        He has been here. 他来过，但是已经走了，不在这里
      - 最高级／序数词 + 名词 + that 从句 + 现在完成时谓语
        
        The biggest cavity I've ever seen.
      - since 连用
        
        since + 短暂动词
        
        主句现在完成时，从句一般过去时／现在完成时均可
        
        It has been three years since I came to China. 到中国三年了
        
        It has been three years since I have came to China. 到中国三年了
        
        从句动作结束后，主句活动持续至今
        
        since + 延续动词
        
        主句现在完成时，从句一般过去时
        
        从句动作结束后，主句活动开始
        
        主句现在完成时，从句现在完成时
        
        从句动作开始后，主句活动开始
        
        It has been three years since I worked in this company. 离开三年了
        
        It has been three years since I have worked in this company. 工作三年了
    - - had did
      - 上下文必须出现表示过去时间的一般过去时
      - 延续、重复、影响
        
        I had stayed in America for two years when he moved here.
        
        I had written her 100 letters when she finally promised to marry me.
        
        She had made everything ready before I came.
      - 非真实的过去
        
        intent / mean / hope / want / plan / suppose / expect / think / propose / wish / ...
        
        I had intended to see you, but i was busy.
      - 最高级／序数词 + 名词 + that 从句 + 过去完成时谓语
        
        It was the third time that someone had interrupted me that night.
      - 与一般过去时区别
        
        过去完成时，是回顾，两个动作之间只是顺序关系
        
        He had served in the army for ten years; then he retired and married.
        
        一般过去时，两个动作之间有先后、甚至因果关系
        
        He served in the army for ten years; then retired and married.
    - - have/has/had 是 tense，did 是 aspect
      - 在现在、过去、未来（时间点 A），回顾之前（时间点 B）发生的事件
      - 事件从时间A 延续、重复、影响到时间 B
    - - will have did
      - 在未来的时间点回顾，至于被回顾的时间点是什么时候，不重要
      - 延续、重复、影响
        
        By five o'clock this afternoon the spaceship will have traveled eleven times round the world.
        
        We will have finished our exam by the end of next week.
        
        I will have learned 8000 words by the end of next year.
  - - - have/has been doing
      - 延续
        
        时间状语
        
        有时间状语，通常理解成还在持续
        
        没有时间状语，通常理解成刚刚结束
        
        I have been running for half an hour.
        
        可以是刚才跑了一个半小时（已经停止）
        
        也可以是还在继续跑
        
        没有时间状语，倾向于是结束了
        
        不管有没有时间状语，总归看上下文来分析已结束还是持续中
        
        通常需要上下文指出时间，强调活动在一段时间內持续
        
        since / for / all day / ...
        
        事件分类
        
        短期延续
        
        I have been thinking about changing my job.
        
        说话时仍在延续
        
        I have been staring at this computer screen for hours and my eyes hurt.
        
        现在进行时，相近意义 I am staring at this computer screen. （不能接时间状语
        
        长期延续
        
        I have been living here since 3 years ago.
        
        用现在完成时也时正确的 I have lived here since 3 years ago.
        
        说话时刚刚停止
        
        The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he has been playing in the mud.
        
        与完成时区别
        
        完成时强调动作已完成（和结果），完成进行时强调动作的延续（及推论）
        
        be careful! I have been painting the door. 强调刚做完，油漆可能还没干
        
        I have painted the door green. 强调刷完了，变绿了
        
        时间状语
        
        有时间状语
        
        完成进行时，继续进行的可能性很高
        
        I have been teaching for 25 years. 干很久了，还准备继续干下去
        
        完成时，有可能会继续进行
        
        I have taught for 25 years. 干很久了，准备去干别的了
        
        没有时间状语
        
        完成进行时，动作还将继续
        
        I have been working in this company. 还在公司，还会呆下去
        
        完成时，动作已完成
        
        I have worked in this company. 曾经在公司，现在已经走了
      - 重复
        
        短暂动词
        
        I have been coming to see him for 10 years. 十年里多次看望
        
        有限延续动词
        
        较长时间的时间状语，表重复
        
        He has been repairing cars for almost 20 years. 修了二十年
        
        较短时间的时间状语，表延续
        
        He has been repairing his car since 6:00 this morning. 修了一早上
        
        无限延续动词，只能表延续，不能表重复
        
        I have been living in Beijing for 14 years. 住了 14 年
        
        与完成时区别
        
        动作的次数
        
        完成进行时，次数不可数
        
        I have been writing letters this morning.
        
        完成时，次数可数，而且要指出
        
        I have written three letters this morning.
        
        完成进行时态不能用于谈论具体某次事件
        
        短暂动词
        
        完成进行时，短暂动作可以与持续时间连用
        
        I have been coming to see him for 10 years.
        
        完成时，不可以与持续时间连用，而时要加上动作的次数
        
        与一般现在时区别
        
        完成进行时，有明确的时间段
        
        I have been running a mile every afternoon. 到目前为止每天跑，暗示之后可能变化，比如跑更远
        
        一般现在时，不能加时间段
        
        I run a mile every afternoon. 每天跑，没其他意思
      - 与完成时区别
        
        完成进行时，未完成，强调过程，带强烈感情色彩，不讲次数
        
        完成时，已完成，强调结果，平淡陈述事实，讲次数
        
        完成／未完成
        
        I have been reading your grammar book. After i finished it, i will... 还没读完
        
        I have read your grammar book and I have questions to you. 读完了
        
        结果／过程
        
        Robert has lived in many different locations. 强调已经搬家多次
        
        Robert has been living in Beijing for several years. 强调已经居住多年
        
        次数
        
        I have ironed five shirts this morning.
        
        I have been ironing my shirts this morning.
        
        平淡／感情色彩
        
        That is what I have waited for.
        
        That is what I have been waiting for.
    - - had been doing
      - 先确立一个过去时间，再在这个时间点谈论更早之前的事件
      - 延续、重复
        
        When I arrived in Beijing, it had been snowing for half a month.
        
        I had been trying to get her on phone.
    - - have been doing (have did + be doing)
      - 延续、重复
      - 之前发生的事情，延续到现在，还将有限地延续下去
    - - will have been doing
      - 延续
        
        She will have been taking care of her blind husband for 20 years by then.
      - 先确立将来某个时间，再在这个时间点谈论早前发生的事件
- - - - each / every
        
        each 不与数词连用；every four years
        
        each 除了限定词，也可以自己做代词；every 只能做限定词
        
        each 两个或以上，every 三个或以上
      - another / other
        
        another 只与单数可数名词连用，other 随意
        
        数词在 another 之后，other 之前
        
        other
        
        the other + noun 表示剩下的
        
        other 前面可以有其他限定词
        
        others 只能做代词；other 只能做限定词，后面必须有名词
      - either / neither
        
        either of / neither of + 限定词 + 复数名词 + 单数谓语
        
        都不和其他限定词连用；都可以直接做代词
        
        neither 两者都不；相当于 either...not
  - - - a/an/the
        
        元音前／辅音前，发音区别
        
        泛指 generic reference
        
        复数名词 / 不可数名词
        
        the + 单数名词 / 形容词 / 国籍
        
        a/an/any + 单数名词，做主语时，可以表示泛指
        
        做补语，表分类
        
        做宾语，表指代
        
        特指 specific reference
        
        the + 名词
        
        经常会加上后置定语来限制事物的范围
        
        指代那些双方共有的知识
        
        a/an 不能表特指，the 主要表特指
        
        加 the 和不加 the 意义有区别的情况
        
        不加 the，通常表示做些密切相关的事，in hospital
        
        加 the，通常只是作为地点、方位，in the hospital
    - - this / that / these / those
    - - my / our / your / his / her / their
  - - - many / much / most / all / several / enough
      - a few / few / a little / little
        
        only a little, very few
        
        little + 可数，few + 复数
        
        有 a 表有，没 a 表没有
      - some / any
        
        some 用于肯定句，any 用于否定句
        
        any 表任意一个，some 表某一个
  - - - both / neither / the other
      - all / none / another
    - - 数量／个体词 + of + the／指示／物主／名词所有格 + 复数／不可数
    - - 前／中，都是只能有一个；后可以有多个
- - - - opinion + size + shape + age + color + origin + material + purpose
      - good, large, round, new, white, chinese, wood, drinking
    - - 中心名词是不定代词的时候要后置
        
        something wrong
  - - - 形容词 + 补足语
        
        形容词 + 非谓语动词短语
        
        形容词 + 不定式短语
        
        形容词 + 动名词短语
        
        形容词 + 介词短语
      - 多形容词并列
        
        通常加上逗号，将形容词短语与句子其他部分隔开
  - - - more and more xxx / xxxer and xxxer
      - 否定词 + 比较级
      - 比较级前面一般不加 the，和 of the two 连用的时候才加 the
      - the xxxest yyy
      - A xxx M then N
      - 最高级通常加 the
        
        the most interesting / most interesting
        
        此处 most 不加 the，表示不是最高级，而是非常的意思
      - A xxx than B
  - - - 主语是形容词的发出者，-ed
      - 主语是形容词的接受者，-ing
      - a boring man 别人觉得这人烦 / a bored man 这人自己觉得烦
- - - - 关系词
        
        做从句主语，从句的谓语动词使用哪种形式（第三人称单数之类的），由先行词决定
        
        做从句宾语，关系词可以省略
        
        指代
        
        人
        
        who / that，可做主语、宾语，但不能做介词宾语
        
        whom，只做宾语
        
        whose + 名词，可做主语、宾语
        
        物
        
        which / that
        
        that
        
        只用于限制性定语从句
        
        先行词同时有人和物的时候，用 that
        
        先行词是 all / something / little ... / 形容词最高级之类的，用 that
        
        时间
        
        when，在从句中只做状语
        
        地点
        
        where，在从句中只做状语
        
        原因
        
        why，只用于限制性定语从句
      - 关键概念
        
        先行词，被从句修饰的对象
        
        关系词，连接主句从句的连接词，在从句中充当某种句子成分
      - 限制性／非限制性定语从句
        
        非限制性定语从句，会加上 , 与主句其他部分隔开
        
        限制性定语从句中，从句是必要的。非限制性定语从句中，从句去掉，主句仍是语义完整的。
        
        非限制性定语从句，大部分情况是在修饰专有名词或某一类事物
        
        限制性定语从句，一般表示 "...的"；非限制性定语从句，语意比较丰富，原因、条件、blahblah
        
        有的句子，加上逗号变成非限制性定语从句，语意会变化
        
        限制性定语从句强调 xxx 的，he has a daughter who works in a hospital，强调在医院工作
        
        非限制性定语从句强调先行词，he has a daughter, who works in a hospital，强调女儿
      - 定语从句与同位语从句区别
        
        都是名词 + that + 从句
        
        定语从句，that 充当从句的句子成分，名词 + that + 不完整句子
        
        同位语从句，that 不充当从句的句子成分，名词 + that + 完整句子
    - - 结果
        
        如果要强调，可以将 so/such 引导的部分置于句首，构成倒装
        
        so + 形容词/副词 + that
        
        such + 名词 + that
      - 条件
        
        真实条件
        
        if / unless
        
        suppose that / as long as / so long as / provided that / on condition that / ...
        
        非真实条件
      - 目的
        
        一般在主句之后；要强调从句，可以置于句首
        
        so that / in order that / that
      - 让步
        
        while
        
        置于句首，表示尽管
        
        介词
        
        despite / in spite of / for all + 名词／名词短语／动名词／what 从句
        
        as 倒装句
        
        形容词／副词／分词／名词／短语 + as + 主语 + 谓语
        
        连词
        
        though / although / even though / even if + 陈述句／形容词／分词
        
        主句不能加 bug
      - 原因
        
        since，主句重要，强调的是主句要做的事情；通常放句首
        
        as，没有特别强调
        
        because，从句重要，强调原因；可于 only just perhaps 等连用
        
        for，没有特别强调，主要是推断
        
        介词短语
        
        because of, due to, owing to
      - 比较
        
        as
        
        than
        
        倍数
        
        A is three times the size of B
        
        A is three times as big as B
        
        A is three times bigger than B
        
        the more ..., the more ...
        
        ... 里比较级的部分，分别在各自的句子里充当某种句子成分
        
        前半从句，后半主句
        
        一般，从句一般现在时，主句一般将来时
      - 地点
        
        where + 陈述句；放句首或句末
      - 方式
        
        as, like, as if, as though, the way
      - 时间
        
        while
        
        通常，相当于 during that time，从句谓语用延续性动词
        
        util
        
        主句谓语是延续性动词，从句谓语是短暂性动词
        
        not + 短暂 + util 短暂，主句否定短暂来构成一个延续
        
        util 除了连词，还能做介词，后面跟时间点
        
        when
        
        通常，相当于 at that time，从句谓语是短暂性动词
        
        主句一般过去时 + 从句一般过去时／主句一般过去时 + 从句过去完成时
        
        从句先发生
        
        短暂性动作用一般过去时，延续性动作用过去进行时
        
        主句过去进行时 + 从句一般过去时
        
        主句一般过去时 + 从句过去进行时
        
        主句一般将来式 + 从句一般现在时
        
        一 ... 就 ...
        
        从句动作先于主句
        
        将来的动作，则主句一般将来时，从句一般现在时
        
        过去的动作，则主句一般过去时，从句一般过去时
        
        主句动作先于从句
        
        过去动作，主句过去完成时，从句一般过去时；常倒装
    - - 陈述句
        
        连接词 that，不充当句子成分，无词义，用于帮助断句
        
        宾语从句中，that 在不影响语义的情况下可以省略
      - 一般疑问句
        
        连接词 whether / if，不充当句子成分，表是否
        
        if 只用于宾语从句, whether 都可以；whether or not；if ... or not
        
        要改成陈述句语序
      - 可以从陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句作为从句
      - 特殊疑问句
        
        疑问词充当连接词，会作为句子的某个成分
        
        要改成陈述句语序
      - 都是陈述句语序；都是连接词放句首；关注连接词在句中的成分
      - 主语从句的常见句型，It is + 过去分词／形容词／名词短语 + that + 从句
      - 同位语从句大部分都用 that，因为很少用疑问句来来补充说明名词
      - 同位语从句和先行词之间，可能会插入句子其他成分
- - - - if 引导的虚拟条件句
      - 名词性从句中使用虚拟语气
      - 谈未来，假设条件句
      - 谈过去，事实相反句
      - 谈现在，假设条件或事实相反皆可
    - - 谓语变化
        
        主句
        
        现在、将来 would do
        
        过去 would have done
        
        从句
        
        过去 had done / had been
        
        现在 did / were
        
        将来 were to do / should do
      - 将来
        
        谈论不太可能实现的愿望，体系了说话人的态度、信心
        
        If it were to rain, I would stay home. 说话人认为不太可能下雨
        
        If it rains, I will stay home. 说话人认为大概率下雨
      - 现在
        
        谓语动词是 be 时，用 were 不用 was
        
        English tenses would make me tense if I were a Chinese student.
      - 过去
        
        I don't know what I would have done if he hadn't answered yes.
      - 主句现在+从句过去
        
        主从句时间不一致时，谓语由自己的时间来决定
        
        If I had not studied English, I would never be here to teach you grammar today.
      - 主句过去，从句现在
        
        If I didn't love her, I wouldn't have married her. 如果现在不爱，过去不会结婚。现在还在爱着
        
        If I hadn't loved her, I wouldn't have married her. 如果过去不爱，过去不会结婚。现在可能已经不爱了
        
        If I didn't love her, I wouldn't marry her. 如果现在不爱，将来不会结婚。还没结婚，
      - 倒装
        
        if 条件句省略 if，将 should / had / were 置于句首
        
        Should I win the lottery, I would buy a car.
        
        If I should win the lottery, ...
        
        Had he not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company.
        
        If he had not been promoted, ...
      - 跳层虚拟
        
        or
        
        陈述句 + or + 虚拟主句
        
        We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we would have telephoned him.
        
        We would have telephoned him if we had known his teleophone number.
        
        but
        
        虚拟主句 + but + 陈述句
        
        He would put on weight, but he doesn't eat much.
        
        He would put on weight if he ate much.
    - - 名词性从句的虚拟语气，必须包含特定的标志词
      - 不考虑主句谓语，虚拟从句的谓语始终用 should do，且 should 可以省略
      - 宾语从句
        
        His father urged that he (should) study medicine.
        
        ask / advise / beg / ...
      - 主语从句
        
        it is + adj/did/noun + that + 主语从句
        
        decided / recommended / suggested / ...
        
        amazing / sorry / important / ...
        
        mition / pray / wish / ...
        
        It is requested that all members (should) be present at the meeting.
      - 表语从句／同位语从句
        
        The motion that the meeting be adjourned was adopted.
        
        advice / decision / demand / ...
    - - wish 宾语从句 / if only
        
        现在 did
        
        I wish I were a little younger.
        
        If only i were taller.
        
        过去 had done / would have done
        
        I wish I had been there.
        
        未来 would do
        
        I wish he could explain what he means.
      - as if 从句
        
        现在 did
        
        过去 had done
      - it is (high) time (that) 从句
      - would rather / would as soon / would sooner / ...
        
        将来 do
        
        I would rather go there tomorrow.
        
        过去 have done
        
        I took Sally to the cinema last night, but I would rather have been there alone.
        
        从句，谓语 did，但表示现在或将来
        
        I would rather you came next weekend.
        
        从句，谓语 had done，表示过去
        
        I would as soon you hadn't spoken rudely to her.
- - - - 左二右六
  - - - 介词短语
      - 分词短语
      - 不定式短语
      - 形容词短语
      - 定语从句
      - 同位语从句