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EVOLUTION (DEFINITIONS (BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION (Any change in a population…

- - - - 'Law' of Use and Disuse
      - 'Law' of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
  - - - Organisms produce large number of offspring. There is a great deal of variation amongst the offspring. Some of favorable characteristics and some do not.
      - When there is a change in the environmental conditions or if there is competition, then organisms with characteristics, which make them more suited, survive whilst organisms with unfavorable characteristics, which make them less suited, die.
      - The organisms that survive, reproduce and thus pass on the allele for the favorable characteristic.
      - In this way, the characteristics of a population gradually change over a long period of time.
  - - - Evolution involves long periods of time where species do not change or change gradually through natural selection ( known as equilibrium ). This alternates with ( is punctuated by ) short periods of time where rapid changes occur through natural selection during which new species may form in a short period of time.
- - - - Rust resistance
      - More suited to varying climates
- - - - EFFECT ON BIODIVERSITY
        
        Creates more specialized sub-species
        
        Increases biodiversity
      - CAUSE
        
        Occurs when species is separated
    - - EFFECT ON BIODIVERSITY
        
        Reduces amount of species
        
        Decreases biodiversity
      - CAUSE
        
        Low birth rate, over specialized species and natural disasters
  - - - Galapagos finches
      - Galapagos tortoises
      - Plants on different land masses ( linked to continental drift ).
        
        Baobabs in Africa and Madagascar
        
        Proteas in South Africa and Australia
      - Mammals on different land masses
- - - - Brain is large compared to body size. This is due to the enlarged cerebral cortex that accounts for varying degrees of memory, emotions, consciousness and rational thought.
      - African Apes are dependent on learned behavior which is stored in the cortex.
    - - Eyes are protected by bony sockets
      - Stereoscopic vision with both eyes in front of the head providing overlapping fields. This produces accurate distance and 3D vision.
    - - Either reduced or absent snout with small noses.
      - African apes rely more on sense of sight and not as much on smell as other animals.
    - - A variety of teeth are present for an omnivorous diet.
    - - The clavicle ( collar bone ) allows the arms to rotate freely in the shoulder socket so that a wide range of movement of the forearms is possible
    - - Fingertips have ridges ( fingerprints ) which provide better friction for grasping and holding on to things.
      - Fingers have fingernails instead of claws.
      - Opposable thumbs ( thumb to face other fingers ) allow for precision and grip between thumb and forefinger to enable fine movements of picking up small things and manipulating tools.
  - - - Foramen magnum
        
        Forward position in humans
        
        Located towards back end of skull in African apes
      - Spine
        
        Humans have greater curvature ( S-shaped )
        
        African apes have less curvature ( C-shaped )
      - Pelvic girdle
        
        Humans have a short and wide pelvis
        
        African apes have a long and narrow pelvis
    - - Humans have larger cranium and brain
    - - Humans have small, less protruding
      - African apes have a larger and more protruding jaw
    - - Humans have small and circular palate shape.
      - African apes have rectangular and long palate
    - - Only present in African apes
    - - Only well-developed in African apes.
    - - ( Observable differences )
  - - - Evidence from fossils of different ages show that the anatomical characteristics of organisms gradually changed over time.
    - - Ardipithecus
      - Austrolopiticus
      - Homo
    - - Mitochondrial DNA
    - - Tool making