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Unit Two (Female Reproduction (Vagina
Menstrual blood and babies leave…
Unit Two
Female Reproduction
Vagina
- Menstrual blood and babies leave body
Sperm enters
Ovaries
- Produce and releases female gametes and sex hormones (Oestrogen and Progesterone)
Ovarian Follicles
- Holds a single primary oocyte
- Oocytes stop developing at birth until puberty
Menstrual Cycle
- Happens in the uterus to prepare for a fertilised egg
Ovarian Cycle
- The maturation of the follicle and egg
Fallopian Tube
- Made of sheets of smooth muscle and a highly folded mucous layer
- If a sperm is present fertilisation occurs here
Uterus
- Perimetrium = outside
- Endometrium = Inner muscle
Outermost layer of the ovary
The main stimulus for the proliferative phase of the endometrium
What happens to the endometrium during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
- The lining starts to build up, preparing itself for the net time the egg is released
Fertilisation usually take place
Most common location of ectopic implantation
What cells produce hCG and why is it important?
- Syncitiotrophoblasts
- To keep the corpus luteum functioning, so that the corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone.
What kind of epithelium lines the vagina?
Male Reproduction
Sperm = Tail → Mitochondria → Nucleus
Testicles (Male Gonads) = Make male gametes (sperm) and the androgen hormone testosterone
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Shape of seminiferous tubule
Process of spermatogenesis
- Sees the maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa.
Testosterone
- Develops the testis and prostate
increases muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair
Structure of the epididymis
Essential role played by the epididymis
- Stores sperm and transports it from the testes
Seminal vesicles Function
- Holds the liquid that mixes with sperm to form semen
Function of the prostate gland
- Secrete prostate fluid, one of the components of semen
- Walnut sized gland
Menstruation
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No periods when pregnant due to egg being fertilised, instead hormones tell the blood-rich tissue to stay intact to support the growing baby
The Stages of Menstruation • The Follicular Phase
Process by which certain reproductive hormones (FSH, LH) are released and the egg develops
Oestrogen helps build up the uterus for pregnancy • ovulation
Takes place when the egg is released from the follicle
At this point, the ovum enters the fallopian tube and is carried downward toward the uterus• the luteal phase
Either conception takes place and the fertilised egg implants in the uterus (pregnancy), or conception does not occur and the egg simply disintegrates
If pregnancy is achieved, a hormonal signal is sent to the corpus luteum to continue producing
progesterone in order to maintain the pregnancy
If pregnancy is not achieved, progesterone levels will gradually fall and a woman's body will prepare itself for menstruation.
Mitosis - The type of cell division by which a single cell divides to produce two genetically identical "daughter cells". This is the method by which the body produces new cells for growth and repair of the body
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Prophase
- Chromosomes form
- Nucleus Disappears
- Two centrosomes begin to form the spindle fibres and are pushed to opposite ends of the cell
Metaphase
- Spindle Fibres connect to chromosomes and align them down the centre of the cell on the metaphase plate
Anaphase
- Spindle fibres split the chromosomes and are dragged to opposite poles of the cell
- Cleavage furrow begins to form in Late Anaphase
Telophase
- Chromosomes de-condense
- The nucleus and Nuclei form around the chromosomes
- Cleavage furrow has developed and cytokinesis occurs, splitting cell into 2
Meiosis
- A cell divides into 4 daughter cells, each has half the number of chromosomes
- Occurs in the gametes (Sex Cells)
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Ovulation
Takes place when the egg is released from the follicle
At this point, the ovum enters the fallopian tube and is carried downward toward the uterus