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THOMAS HOBBES (INTRODUCTION (MAJOR THEORIES OF HOBBES: GIVEN IN HOBBES…

- - - - HOBBES BELONGED TO SOCIAL CONTRACT TRADITION
      - 1ST MODERN THINKER: 1ST PERSON WHO GAVE COMPLETE THEORY OF SOVERIGNITY
      - 1ST THINKER TO GIVE RIGHT TO LIFE
      - 3.GREATEST OF ALL INDIVIDUALS AND ALL ABSOLUTIST
      - UTILITARIAN AND MATERIALISTIC
  - - - RIGHT TO LIFE
    - - MAN IS UTILITARIAN , , MATERIALISTIC, POSSESIVE INDIVIDUSLIDM
- - - - .
  - - - .
- - - - STATE IS FORMED OUT OF WILL OF MAN...
        
        1.MAN
        
        WHAT IS HUMAN NATURE ACC TO HOBBES?
        
        HOBBES HELD HUMAN NATURE IS UTILITARIAN AND INDIVIDUAISTIC
        
        WHY UTILITARIAN?
        
        HUMAN IS GUIDED BY TWO EMOTIONS
        
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        ICECREAM
        
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        THIS SHOWS HUMAN EMOTIONS ARE MATERILISTIC:(MEANING: MAN IS GUIDED BY PASSION)
        AND HENCE IT PROVES MAN BY NATURE IS UTILITARIAN
        
        HUMAN ACTIONS ARE TWO
        
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        WHAT IS SIGNIFICANCE OF HOBBES CONCEPTION OF HUMAN NATURE
        
        HOBBES ALSO DEFIED PLATONIC ORDER
        
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        WHY INDIVUDUALISTIC?
        
        BECOZ MAN IS UNABLE TO COMPREHEND THE MOVT. OF PARTICLE IN OTHER BRAIN
        
        NATURE HAS MADE MAN IN A SUCH WAY THAT HE CAN'T UNDERSTAND PLEASURE NAD PAIN OF OTHER PERSON
        
        WILL:
        
        WHAT IS PROBLEM IN STATE OF NATURE?
        
        ACC. TO HOBBES MAN BY NATURE IS INDIVIDUALISTIC, POSSESIVE, UTILITARIAN
        SO MAN BY NATURE IS SELFISH
        :arrow_double_down:
        SO MAN IS POWER SEEKING FOR FULLMENT OF PLEASURES
        :arrow_double_down:
        SO LIFE OF MAN IS SEARCH AND STRUGGLE OF POWER
        :arrow_double_DOWN:
        ONCE ONE POWER LED TO SATISFACTION OF ONE
        PLEASURE .... ANOTHER PLEASURE EMERGES AND CYCLE GOES ON...
        THIS IMPLIES UMLIMITED DESIRES
        :arrow_double_down:
        LEADS TO DILEMMA OF UNLIMITED DESIERE & LIMITED RESOURCES
        :arrow_double_down:
        SO EVERY MAN IS SOURCE IS OF UNHAPINESS FOR OTHERS
        :arrow_double_down:
        HENCE IF MEN IS ALLOWED IN STAYING STATE OF NATURE.. THIS WILL LEAD TO WAR OF ALL VS ALL
        :arrow_double_down:
        : TO AVOID THIS STATE FOR EVERYONE IS REQIRED
        :arrow_double_down:
        AND FOR STATE ALL NEED A CONTRACT WITH ALL
        HENCE A SOCIAL CONTRACT
    - - WHY WILL FOR SOCIAL CONTRACT IS REQUIRE
        (REASON FOR CONTRACT)?
        
        BECOZ STATE OF NATURE IS "NASTY , POOR, BRUTISH AND SHORT"
        
        AND REASON WHY MAN ENTERS INTO SOCIAL CONTRACT IS BECOZ OF PRESERVATION OF LIFE
        
        AS LIFE IS SOURCE OF ALL
        :arrow_backward:PLEASURE & DEATH (BIGGEST FEAR) IS END TO ALL. SO MAN WANTS TO AVOID DEATH
        
        MAN ENTER INTO SOCIAL CONTRACT FOR PROTECTION OF ITS LIFE
        SO IMPORTANT ROLE OF STATE IS TO PROVIDE SECURITY OF LIFE
      - WHAT ARE FEATURES OF CONTRACT ?
        
        1.CONTRACT OF ALL WITH ALL. WHY? :arrow_double_down:
        
        2.BECOZ NO ONE TRUST THE OTHER IT IS IMP. THAT EACH SECURE GAURENTEE FROM OTHER
        
        3. WHY MAN WILL AGREE RO CENTER IN TO SOCIAL CONTRACT
        
        ALL PEOPLE WILL AGREE THAT THEY WILL TRANSFER ALL THERE NATURAL RIGHTS TO STATE OR COMMENWEALTH- ON CONDITION THAT EVERYONE DOES SO
        
        EXAMPLE INDIAN PREAMBLE: WE , THE PEOPLE OF INDIA.....
      - WHAT ARE OUTCOMES OF CONTRACT?
        
        1.CONTRACT IS(CONS.) IT WILL RESULT INTO FORMATION OF STATE..
        STATE WHICH IS THE GAURENTEER OF THE CONTRACT :arrow_double_down:
        
        WHAT IS FEATURE OF STATE?
        
        AS A RESUT STATE WILL EMERGE AS SOVERIGN
        
        WHY??
        
        BECOZ ACC. TO HOBBES MAN HAS TWO OPTIONS :arrow_double_down:
        
        STATE OF NATURE:
        
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        SOVERIGN OR ABSOLUTE STATE:
        
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        ACC. TO HOBBES MAN WILL CHOOSE SECURITY OVER LIBERITY
        
        ARGUMENT OF I AND FEAR BORN TOGETHER
        
        LIMITATION ON STATE WRT TO RIGHT TO LIFE :AS SELF PRESERVATION IS SUPREME RIGHT .. WHIUCH STATE CAN NOT TAKE IN A ARBITRARY MANNER
        
        STATE IS UNDER NO OBLIGATION EXCEPT RIGHT TO LIFE :arrow_double_down:
        
        IF STATE FAILS TO SECURE RIGHT TO LIFE THAN FAILED STATE.. AND PEOPLE HAVE RIGHT TO REVOLT
  - - - HOBBES INFLUENCED BY GAILILEO'S RESOLUTIVE COMPOSITIVE METHOD
        
        RESOLUTIVE: TO UNDERSTAND ELEMENTAL PARTSOF SYATEM
        COMPOSIT: ESTD. CORELATION B/W THESE ELEMENTS AND CAME UP WITH EXPLANATION
        
        HOBBES USES GAILELEO'S THEORY OF UNIVERSE: UNIVERSE IS MADE OF MATTER
        MATTER IS MADE OF PARTICLES
        ALL PARTICLES ARE IN MOTION
- - - - PERMANCE:PERMANENT TRANSFER OF POWER FROM PEOPLE TO STATE
      - INDIVISIBLE: SOVERIGNITY CAN'T BE DIVIDED.. THERE IS ALWAYS ONE SOVERIGN
    - - ACC. TO HOBBES "LAW IS COMMAND OF SOVERIGN"
        :THIS STATEMENT HAS TWO DIMENSION
        
        2: SOVERIGN
        
        WHY LAW OF SOVERIGN SHOULD NOT BE BROKEN?
        
        IF A LAWBREAKER GOES UNPUNISHED THAN OTHERS WILL ALSO FOLLOW SAME STREAK. SO STATE HAVE POLICE POWER
        
        IF STATE IS NOT ABLE TO PUNISH THE LAW BREAKER: SOFT STATE: (INDIA IS EX OF SOFT STATE A FUNCTIONAL ANARCHY)
        
        THAT'S WHY STATE AS LEVIATION IS NEEDED!
        
        STRONG STATE IS REFERED BY HOBBES AS : STATE AS LEVIATHAN.. NOT TOTALITARIAN BUT THROUGH STATE THERE SHOULD BE FEAR OF LAW
        
        SO THAT ANARCHY CAN'T BE PUSHED BACK
        
        DOES LAW MADE BY SOVERIGN CAN BE BROKEN?
        IF NO THAN WHY
        
        NOBODY IS ALLOWED TO DISOBEY THE LAW:
        IF A PERSON BREAKS LAW IT MEAANS HE IS TRYING TO GET HISS SOVERGINITY BACK . BUT SOVERINITY IS PERMANET AND INDISIBLE.. SO HE IS LAIBLE FOR PUNISHMENT
        
        WHAT DOES LAW IS COMMAND OF SOVERIGN MEAN?
        
        SOVERINGN HAS ULTIMATE POWER TO MAKE LAWS
        
        HOBBES HELD THAT LAW MADE BY STATE IS SUPREME. THUS EVEN A RELIGIOUS LAW IS UNDER STATE
        
        HOW IS THEORY OF SOVERIGNITY IS LINKED WITH THEORY OF LAW:?
        
        HOBBES SAYS "COVENANTS(CONTRACTS) W/O SWORDS(POWER TO PUNISH) ARE NOTHING BUT WORDS"
        
        INTERNATIONAL LAW IS CASE OF THIS STATEMENT
        
        SO IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS NO LAW BUT POWER PREVAILS AS THERE IS NO RIGHT TO RECOURSE
        
        BUT HYPOCRIISY IS THIS WHEN US DOES INVASION OF IRAQ AND OTHER COUNTRIES THAN NO PROB
        
        LIKE INDIA REVIEWING INDUS WATER TREATY AGAINST PAK ACTION OF STATE SPONSORED TERRORISM IS VIOLATION OF VIENNA CONVENTION : WHICH HELD CIVILIAN CAN'T BE PUNISHED FOR INTERNATIONAL GAINS
        
        1:LAW
        
        WHAT ARE TYPES OF LAW:?
        
        LAW
        
        3:POSITIVE LAW: LAW MADE BY STATE(HOBBES BELONG TO THIS SCHOOL)
        
        ADVANTAGES OF POSITIVE LAW:
        
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        2:CUSTOMARY LAW:SOURCE: RELIGIOUS TEXT LIKE SHARIAT LAW
        
        1: NATURAL LAW: SOURCE REASON IN MAN , NATURAL LAW IS DUE PROCESS OF LAW(RESONABLE, JUST, FAIR)
        
        WHAT HOBBES PROPOSE ABOUT LAW?
        
        HOBBES OPPOSE NATURAL LAW: OVER POSITIVE LAWS: THEORY OF RIGHTS
        
        WHY HOBBES OPPOSE NATURAL LAWS OVER POSITIVE LAW?
        
        WHY HOBBES SUPPORT POSITIVE LAW:?
        
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        THIS IS ALSO HOBBES THEORY OF RIGHTS
        
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    - - BASIS OF SOVERIGNITY IS SOCIAL CONTRACT(CONS.)WHERE PEOPLE TRANSFERED ALL DERE RIGHTS TO STATE(EXCEPT RIGHT TO LIFE)
  - - - LIBERTY IS WHERE LAW IS SILENT
        
        WHY IS MAN IS FREE TO THE EXTENT WHERE LAW PERMITS.. ?
        
        BECOZ ACC. TO THEORY OF RIGHTS OF HOBBES
        ... NATURAL RIGHTS ARE POWERS: MIGHT IS RIGHT IN ANARCHY
        
        :heavy_plus_sign:
        
        HOBBES CONCEPT OF MAN AS UTILITARIAN:
        
        MAN CHOOSE SECURITY OVER LIBERTY
        THAT'S WHY WHERE STATE EXIST MAN HAS NO LIBERTY
        
        SO MAN FREE TO EXTENT WHERE STATE PREFERED TO BE SILENT(MEANS STATE HASN'T MADE LAW IN THAT AREA)
        
        COZ IF STATE HAS MADE LAW AND PERSON VIOLATE IT ACC. TO OWN LIBERTY THAN STATE HAS POWER TO PUNISH
        
        SO MAN BEING A UTILITARIAN.... WANTS TO COME OUT OF ANARCHY... SO FORMED STATE VIA SOCIAL CONTRACT AND TRANSFERED ALL RIGHTS TO STATE :arrow_double_down:
      - LIBERTY AND FREEDOM SIGNIFIES THE ABSENSE OF OF OPPOSITION IN EXTERNAL IMPEDMENT TO MOTION
        
        ACC. TO HOBBES A PATIENT ON BED LACKS CAPCITY TO WALK NOT LIBERTY TO WALK
        
        LACK OF LIBERTY IS A INTERNAL IMPEDMENT: SIGNIFYING STATE HAS NO ROLE IN CAPCITY BUILDING(POLICE STATE NOT A WELFARE STATE)
        
        FURTHER HOBBES GIVE EXAMPLE OF LIQUID IN BOTTLE.. THE WALL OF BOTTLE ACT AS EXTERNAL IMPEDMENT
        
        IF WALL IS REMOVED THAN WATER IS FREE TO MOVE
        
        HOBBES DEFINE LIBERTY AS FREEDOM FROM OBSTRUCTION
    - - LIBERTY EXPLAINS RELATIONSHIP B/W MAN AND TATE
  - - - SOVERIGNITY HAS TWO DIMENSIONS:
        
        NO INTERNAL SOVERIGN OTHER THAN STATE
        
        NO EXTERNAL SOVERIGN OTHER THAN STATE
      - BUT CAPITALISM CAN'T RUN ON SYSTEM WHICH IS BASED ON ANARCHY... CAPITALISM REQUIRE CLARITY OF LAW(BASED ON SYS. OF CONTRACT)
      - IN MEDIVAL TIMES MULTIPLE SOURCES OF LAW: CUSTOMS , CHURCH ETC