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Infectious Diseases and STIs (STIs (main types (conseuences when…

- - - - bacteria
      - viruses
      - fungi
    - - infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans
        
        H5N1 Influenza A virus subtype ("Bird Flu")
        
        Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ("Mad Cow")
        
        Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
        
        H1N1 Influenza A virus subtype ("Swine Flu")
      - Causes
        
        International Level
        
        Increased air travel
        
        Globalization
        
        Complacency
        
        Lack of international collaboration and agreements
        
        National Level
        
        Weak public health infrastructure
        
        No active monitoring and studying of disease
        
        Inconsiderate use of antibiotics& antimicrobial agents
        
        Bad veterinary health practices
        
        Poor Sanitary infrastructure
        
        Individual Level
        
        Poor understanding and knowledge of at-risk groups
        
        Lack of healthy diet, exercise to boost immunity
        
        Lack of compliance with public health measures
        
        Environmental Level
        
        Deforestation & Land Clearing
        
        Climate
        variability
        
        influenza higher during winter (more contact)
        
        dengue during warmer and rainy seasons
        
        natural disasters
- - - - T cells
        
        Cytotoxic T cells
        
        Helper T cells
        
        Suppressor T cells
        
        Memory T cells
      - B cells
        
        Plasma cells
        
        Memory
        B cells
    - - Antibodies artificially produced outside and directly injected into the body
      - No contact with pathogen
  - - - Physical barriers
        
        Skin
        
        Mucus
        
        Nasal hair
        
        Cilia
      - Chemical barriers
        
        Oil and sweat by sebaceous glands
        
        Gastric juice (low pH)
        
        Cerumen (earwax)
        
        Lysozyme (in tears)
        
        Vaginal bacterial (low pH)
    - - Phagocytes (Macrophages & WBCs - neutrophils & monocytes)
      - Inflammatory reactions
      - Fever
      - Interferons
      - Complement system
      - Natural Killer (NK) cells
- - - - AIDS
        
        Prevalence in SG
        
        46% : heterosexual transmission
        
        42% : homosexual transmission
        
        9% : bisexual transmission
        
        0.4% : intravenous drug use
        
        symptoms
        
        Shortness of breath and feeling of exhaustion.
        
        Loss of appetite and weight loss.
        
        Night sweats and skin rashes.
        
        Diarrhoea.
        
        Symptoms of Kaposi’s cancer.
        
        Dementia.
        
        Persistent cough, fever, a sore throat.
        
        how is AIDS spread
        
        Exchange of body fluids (semen, vaginal secretions and blood) during sexual contact with an infected person.
        
        Sharing of needles and syringes that have been used by an infected person as in intravenous drug use.
        
        Mother to infant transmission.
        
        Infected blood from blood transmission.
    - - blindness
      - sterility
      - destruction of CNS
      - disfigurement
      - death