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MACHIAVILLI (INTRODUCTION (MACIAVILLI IS CALLED FATHER . (SECULARISM:…

- - - - BUT MACHIAVILLI HAS BEEN PORTRAID AS AS A VILLIAN
      - BEING MACHIAVILLAIN IS A BAD VIRTUE
      - ACC. TO DUNNING : IT IS A PARADOX THAT EVERY ONE PRACTISES MACHIAVILLAINISM IN POLITICS BUT NO ONE ACKNOWLEDGES HIMSELF AS MACHIAVILLAIN
  - - - POLITICS AS STATECRAFT
      - DUAL MORALITY FOR PRINCE
      - PRINCE TO BE LIKE FOX AND LION
      - PRINCE SHOULD EXECUTES RATHER THAN CONFISCATES
      - OTHER ADVICES
- - - - IF YOU CONFISCATES HIS PROPERTY U ARE TAKING ENIMITY OF GEBERATION
  - - - LION:(COURAGE)
        
        BRAVE LIKE LION TO DEFEND FROM ATTACK OF WOLVES
      - FOX(REASON)
        
        SO AS TO UNDERSTAND TRAP: AS THERE WILL BE MANY CONTENDERS WHO MAY TRY TO TRP THE PRINCE
      - FOX (REASON) AND LION(COURAGE) ARE COMSIDERED ESSENTIAL QUALITIES FROM TIMES OF PLATO
      - QUALITIES PRESCRIBED BY MACH. ALSO RELEVANT TODAY AS STATE CAN'T SURVIVE W/O STRONG INTELLIGENCE & DEFENCE
    - - STATECRAFT IS MANAGMENT OF POWER
        
        POWER HAS TWO DIMENSION
        
        LOVE(SOFT POWER)
        
        FEAR(HARD POWER)
        
        PRINCE SHOULD KNOW WHEN TO USE WHAT TYPE OF PROPOSITION
        
        SOFT POWER ALONE IS NOT RELAIBLE.. BECOZ MAN BY NATURE IS UNGRATEFUL(SELFISH)
        
        SO SOFT POWER TO BE USED IN COMBO WITH HARD POWER
        
        PRINCE SHOULDN'T BE RELUCTANT TO USE HARD POWER BUT SHOULDN'T USE IN 1ST INSTANCE
        (NO FIRST USE DOCTRINE)
        
        OR PREFAREBLE PRINCE USE HARD POWER THROUGH PROXIES
        
        HARD POWER MAY LEAD TO FEELING OF REVENGE
        
        ACC. TO MACHIAVILI FAVOURS TO DONE GRADUALLY
        
        AND FEAR TO USED QUICKLY & IN TOTALITY: MAGNITUDE OF POWER TO BE SUCH THAT CRUSHES THE ENEMY COMPLETELY(PREEMPTIVE STRIKE)
        
        WISE PRINCE DIDN'T LEAVE THE ENEMY ALIVE TO TAKE REVENGE
        
        AS REVENGE IS VERY POWERFUL SENTIMENT ONCE SENTIMENT DOMINATES THE PERSON FORGETS SELF INTEREST AND PURSUE REVENGE AT COST OF HIS LIFE
        
        WISE PRINCE SHOULD KNOW HOW TO CONTROL THE MAN AND BEAST WITHIN MAN
    - - ACTION OF PRINCE TO BE JUDGED BY THE END(NATIONAL INTEREST) HE SERVES
        
        ACTION(MEANS)IS CORRECT IF IT IS ABLE TO SECURE THE NATIONAL INTERST
      - MACH IS REGARDED AS GREATEST PATRIOT
        
        SO MUCH SO AS HE SUGGEST NOTHING SHOUD COME IN WAY OF NATIONAL INTEREST NOT EVEN RELIGION
      - BECOZ ETHICS AND RELIGION CREATES DILEMMA IN PRINCE
        
        THIS DILEMMA WILL PREVENT PRINCE FROM TALING TIMELY AND RIGHT DECISION
        
        WHICH IS NOT IN INTEREST OF STATE
      - SO MACH INVENTED CONCEPT OF DUAL MORALITY
        
        MORALITY OF PRINCE DIFFERS FROM FROM THAT OF COMMEN MAN
        
        MORALITY OF COMMEN MAN
        
        ORDINARY MAN CAN SACRIFICE HIS LIFE FOR SAKE OF HIS PRINCIPLES
        
        MORALITY OF PRINCE
        
        BUT PRINCE CAN'T PUT LIFE OF COMMEN MAN AND SECURITY OF STSE FOR SAKE OF HIS PRINCIPLES
      - MAC IS NOT IMMORAL BUT A MORAL..
        HE IS SUGGESTING PRINCE TO ACT IN BEST INTEREST OF THE STSTE
      - GANDHI CRITICISES THIS THINKING ..ACC. TO GANDHI WE CAN'T REACH RIGHT ENDS BY UNFAIR MEANS
        
        ACC. TO GANDHI POLITICS W/O ETHICS IS A DEATH TRAP
      - MACH IS NOT ANTIRELIGION BUT EMPLYS UTILITARIAN APPROACH TOWARDS RELIGION
        
        AS RELIGION IS DISCIPLINARY FORCE
        
        SO SUGGEST THAT PRINCE SHOULD APPEAR ILLRELIGIOUS IN PUBLIC
        
        MACH WAS AGAINST CHURCH AT THAT TIME CHURCH WAS CORRUPT .. AND DIDN'T ALLOWING ITALY TO UNIFY
  - - - ACC, TO MAC PRINCE TRUST THE COMMEN MAN MORE THAN NOBLE AS NOBLE CAN CHALLENGE PRINCE BUT COMMEN HAS LIMITED ASPIRATIONS
    - - IF LAND ACCQUIRED HAS SIMILAR CULTURE THAN RULE DIRECTLY
      - IF DIFFERENT CULTURE HE SHOULD APPOINT PROXIES
    - - EVEN PRINCE HAS ALL THE QUALITIES OF BEING SUCESSFUL BAD LUCK NOT IN YOUR CONTROL
        
        SO STILL HE CAN FAIL
        
        BAD TIMES IS LIKE TORRENTIAL RAIN .. PRINCE SHOULD SHOULD MAKE EMBANKMENTS. YET HE MAY FAIL
      - MAC SUGGEST THAT PRINCE SHOUDN.T OVERLOOK THE FACTOR OF FORTUNE(BAD LUCK)
      - SO MACHIAVILI SUGGEST NATURE OF FORTUNE IS LIKE THAT OF WOMEN : WOMEN EMBRACE BRAVE MAN
        
        IF PRINCE FACE THE CIRCUMSTANCE WITH COURAGE , HE WILL TURN THINGS IN HIS FAVOYR
- - - - CAPITALISM FUELED THE NECESSITY OF NATION STATE:
        
        AS CAPITALISM IS BASED ON CONTRACTS : FOR ENFORCEMENTS OF CONTRACT STRONG ASSERTIVE POWER IS REQUIRED
        
        THUS CONCEPT OF SOVERGINITY EMERGED
        
        THEREFORE REMOVING FUEDALISM AND REPLACING WITH CENTRALISED AUTHORITY IS REQUIRED
        
        CAPITALISM IN EARLY PHASES REQUIRED PROTECTION FROM FOREIGN GOODS: SO BORDER EMERGE
      - MEDIVIAL TIMES :left_right_arrow: MODERN TIMES
        ......CITY STATES :left_right_arrow: NATION STATE
        ..PLURAL SOVRN :left_right_arrow: CENTRALISED SOVERIGN
        CONTROL OF CHURCH :left_right_arrow: RATIONALISM, SECULARISM,
        .........FUEDALISM :left_right_arrow: CAPITALISM
    - - REBIRTH OF REASON THAT LEAD TO DEVELOPMENT OF HUMANISM, RATIONALISM, SECULARISM,(HRS CHOKH PAR RENISSANCE KA BOARD LAG HUA HAI
      - WHY REBIRTH??
        
        BECOZ DURING MEDIVIAL TIMES THERE WAS DOMINATION OF RELIGION OVER RATIONALITY : AGE OF DARKNESS
      - RESULT OF RENNISSANCE
        
        ENLIGHTMENT LED TO SECULARISM
        REFORMATION LED TO CAPITALISM
        SCIENTIFC REVOLUTION LED TO INDUSTRAIAL REVOLUTION
        
        THESE ARE ELEMENTS OF MODERNITY WHICH GAVE TO MATERLISM
        
        MATERLAISM LEAD TO FORMATION OF NATION STATE
  - - - DUE TO THIS ITALY FACED LOT OF AGGRESSION.. SO WANTED CHURCH AND POLITICS TO BE SEPERATED
  - - - GANDHI IS CRITISED AS MEDIVAL MAN: BEING PHILOSOPHICAL IN WAY OF POLITICS
        
        LIKE BROUGHT KHILAFAT ISSUE TO NATIONAL POLITICS.. AND TRND CONTINUES EVEN TODAY
- - - - ADVOCATED REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVT. LIKE THAT OF ARIS.
  - - - PRINCE SHOULD BE SCPETICAL TO OTHERS ONLY THAN PRINCE COULD MIN. LOSSES AND MAXIMIZE GAIN
  - - - ACC. TO MACH MAN BY NATURE IS:
        
        UNGRATEFUL
        
        DECIETFUL
        
        COWARD
        
        FICKLE MINDED
        
        AVARACIOUS (EXTREMLY GREEDY)
      - TO STAY IN POWER PRINCE SHOULD EXPLOIT WEAKNESS OF HUMANS
        
        SO TO CONTINUE THE RULE PRINCE MUST PROVIDE SECURITY OF LIFE AND ESTD. OF ORDER(SO THAT BUSINESS CAN FLORISH)
      - SABINE CRITICISES MACH VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE : AS HIS VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE IS BASED ON SELECTIVE USE OF HISTORY
        
        HE OVERLOOKED THE EXAMPLE WHICH CONRADICTS HIS VIEWS
- - - - MACH'S PESSIMISTIC VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE & THAT OF CHURCH IS BECOZ OF EXPERIENCE OF ITALY
      - IF MACH BELONGED TO SOME OTHER TIME AND SPACE HIS VIEW WOULD HAVE BEEN DIFFERENT
      - MACH LACKED UNIVERSAL AND TRNSCEDENTAL RELEVANCE
      - BUT IT IS IRONY THAT MACH. HAS BEEN CRITISED FOR TELLING THE TRUTH.. IT IS POARDOX THAT..(DUNNING ATETMENT TO BE ADDED HERE)
      - ALSO KAUTALIYA BELONGED TO DIFFERENT TIME AND SPACEBUT HAS EVEN MORE COMPREHENSIVE VIEW ON SAME THEME AS OF MACH
  - - - AS THOSE WHO AGREE
        
        AS MACH GIVES IDEA OF SEPERATION OF PELIGION AND POLITICS
        
        MACH TALKS ABOUT NATION STATE
      - AS THOSE WHO DON'T AGREE:
        
        CONSIDERS MACH AS NON. MEDIVAL BUT CONSIDERS HOBBES AS MODERN MAN AS HOBBES FIRST PERSON WHO GAVE A COMPLETE THEORY OF SOVERGINTY