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Gen Bio (Evolution (Theory of Natural Selection: (Individuals in a…
Gen Bio
Cells
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Prokaryotes
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Microbiology
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Benefits of Microbes
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at the bottom of the microbial food pyramid is the Cyanobacteria, algae and other kinds of protistal organisms they are primary producers they use the suns energy to perform a form a photosynthesis
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Viruses
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They infect by attaching to receptor molecules on the cell membrane and inserting their DNA they can only infect the Receptors that they match
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Cell Division
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Mitosis
Cell Cycle
Interphase
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G2 - Growth, prep for call division
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Macromolecules
Bonding
- Non-Polar Covalent bond - strongest because of the electron sharing
- Polar - weaker because the polarity in the compound shows through with the plolarity
- Ionic - Electrons receiving or giving
- Hydrogen Bond - hydrogen bonding weak bond formed from the polarity that atoms bonding with hydrogen form
- Van Der Waals forces - weak attraction of the charged particles in the atoms
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Central Dogma
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DNA Associated Enzymes
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Topoisomerase : - makes breaks where necessary, massage DNA to an appropriate shape
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DNA Translation
Uses the mRNA to receive the correct tRNA
Uses tRNA with the specific amino acid to then
form a polypeptide chain
3 steps
- Initiation
- elongation
- termination
Membrane Transport
Cell Membrane
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Membrane Transport
Simple Diffusion
Passive movement of small, hydrophobic from high to low concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
Passive movement of small and medium molecules (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) through protein channels
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Endocytosis
Uses Plasma membrane and Vesicles to consume food, large or many small molecules
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Evolution
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Evidence For Evolution
4 Pieces of Evidence
- Fossil record - Similarities between fossils of a older layer to a newer layer
- Biogeography - species in different places that are related evolved from an ancestor that used to be in the same region
- Homologous Structures - variations of a structural theme present in a common ancestor
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Analogous structures- Structures with the same function evolving in species with a different common ancestor
- Biochemical Data - All species have one common ancestor because of the similarities in genetic code
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Phylogeny Reconstruction
Maximum Parsimony
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minimize assumptions, maximizes Homologies
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Genetics
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Special Cases
Incomplete Dominance- one phenotype isnt expressed over the other Intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes White and red flowers cross with Pink Flowers
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Sex linked gene systems
- the X-Y system - Male 44+XY Female 44+XX
Sperm 22+X or 22+Y Egg 22+X
Offspring 44+XX Girl 44+XY Boy
- the X-0 system - Male 22+X Female 22+XX
- The Z-W system - Male 76+ZZ Female 76+ZW
- the Haploid-diploid system
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BOTANY
Plant Morphology
Plant Structure
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Monocots V Dicots
Dicots
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Ex. Sunflowers, Strawberries, Buttercups, Maple tree
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Casparian strip - separates the Vasc bundles and the cortex deciding what enter the Vasc system
found in the endodermis
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Photosynthesis
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Structure of of Leaves
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Vascular bundle- the area where are the water and sugars diffuse for transport around the plant
Contains Xylem and Phloem
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2 different processes
Light reactions
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2 pathways
Cyclic Electron Pathway
Steps
- Electrons in PS1 are excited by light
- Electrons move through the ETC and make ATP
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Plant evolution
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Bryophytes
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Liverworts
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Gemmae Cups - they are a method of asexual reproduction, Cup structures that have gemmae in them which are little pieces of tissue and rain splashes them out of their cups and spreads the liverworts
Hornworts
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They are one of the only species with sporophytes that demostrate indeterminate growth meaning they CANT STOP WONT STOP (HAVE SOME LUCIO OHs)
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Ferns and Fern Allies
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4 types of Fernallies
Sylotum
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No leaves, no roots, no flowers
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Gymnosperms
unprotected sperm by an ovary or fruit. including conifers, cycads and ginkgos
Gymnosperms are heterosporous (produce 2 or more different spores) but still produce archegonium -which is the female sex organ in liverworts, ferns, mosses and conifers
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Ecology
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Types of Biomes
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Deserts
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results of the Hadley cells that bring moisture to the equator and to the 60 degrees north and south while making the top circle dry and cold and the 30 degrees hot and dry
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Conservation
Biodiversity
number, variety, variability
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Importance to the Earth
Ecosystem functions - biomass production, grazing
Importance to Humans
Ecosystem functions - Photosynthesis, air and water purification
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Aesthetics - recreation, inspiration
Impacts to Biodiversity
- Habitat loss - leading cause (Ex. Vernal pools)
- Invasive species - Loss of vegetation and animals, Outcompete native organisms due to a lack of predators, competitors, and diseases, Alter the evolutionary pathway - competitive exclusion hybridization , extinction
- Change in ecosystem processes (Disturbances) Abiotic - naturally occuring recycles nutrients (Ex. Fires) Biotic - distubance by living organisms (Ex. Grazing)
- Climate change - Altering the levels of co2 changing the c3 and c4 cycles
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