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AOS Lessons 9-11 (London Smog/Acid Rain (Nitrogen Cycle (Human: fossil…

- - - - Acids and Bases dissociate in water
    - - <5 = acid rain
    - - acidify soils (release + wash away nutrients)
      - acidify lakes (kill fishes)
      - destroy buildings + artwork
      - damaged leaves
  - - - Human increases w/ coal, oil, natural gas
      - Mostly east coast US
      - Nitric acid formation: NO+O3->NO2+O2, NO2+OH->HNO3
  - - - Found in highly industrialized eras
- - - - CO
        
        Residence time: days ~ weeks
        
        Time: Mornings + winter
        
        Removed by OH
        
        Normally 1-10 ppmv in urban lands, 10-100 for remote
        
        City source: Vehicle exhaust
        
        fuel for smog
      - HC
        
        carbon+hydrogen-based gases
        
        sources: plants, fuel fumes, solvents, unburned fuel
        
        Fuel for smog
      - NOx
        
        residence time: 1~3 days
        
        typically ~50pptv for remote area, 1~100 ppbv urban
        
        anthropogenic: fossil fuel burning
        
        react w/ O2 under sunlight to produce ozone
        
        natural: lightning, biomass burning, soil bacteria
        
        removal: react w/ OH to form nitric acid (HNO3)
        
        OH stops the cycle by forming HNO3
        
        NOx's complex relation with ozone
    - - ozone (O3)
        
        ~10 ppbv naturally, 30-40 ppbv remote area, >100 ppbv urban
        
        tropospheric ozone = bad
        
        lifetime: ~1 month, long enough to travel
      - Particles
        
        Particle diameter < 2.5 microns
        
        visibility inversely proportional to TSP
    - - OH = "scavenger species"
      - Pair 2: H/HO2
      - Pair 1: NO/NO2
  - - - Strong temperature => make it easier to have smog
      - Mixing height: lower in winter, higher in summer
      - Inversion height: lower in the night & morning, higher in the noon/afternoon
      - Land-sea breeze: air goes inland in the morning and outland in the night
        
        Pollution builds up every time
  - - - AQI used to track such standards
- - - - household cleaning products
      - personal care products
      - building materials
      - AC/heating systems
      - combustion
      - Infiltration of outdoor pollutants