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QM #1 Research Process (Generate theory (Hypothesis (Null hypothesis (…

- - - - dependent
        
        Proposed effect
        
        Measured not manipulated (in experiments)
        
        outcome variable
        
        :bulb: Dependent factor of interest to the research. It effected on the IV
      - :bulb: factor of interest that changes, can be measured, and differ across entities or time
      - Independent
        
        predictor variable
        
        Proposed cause
        
        manipulated variable (in experiment)
        
        :bulb: Independent factor of interest to the research. It causes/acts on the DV
      - Confounding
        
        :bulb: The 3rd factor that cause confusion on the result of a research
        
        :memo: The :couple_with_heart: between breast implants & :skull: is confounded by self esteem
    - - Level of measurement
        
        Categorical (entities are divided into distinct categories)
        
        Binary
        variable
        
        :bulb: 2 categories
        
        Nominal
        variable
        
        :bulb: > 2 categories
        
        Ordinal variable
        
        :bulb: > 2 categories, with logical order
        
        Chart used:
        Graph
        
        Continuous
        (entities get
        a distinct score)
        
        Interval variable
        
        :bulb: Equal intervals on the variable represent equal differences in the property being measured
        
        Ratio variable
        
        Ditto, but the ratios of scores on the scale must also make sense
        
        Chart used:
        Line
      - Measurement
        error
        
        :bulb: The discrepancy > actual value :vs: the number we use to represent that value.
        
        Ex. Weigh 80 kg, :bath: scale says 83 kg > measurement error 3 kg
      - Validity
        
        Content
        validity
        
        :bulb: content of a test corresponds to the content of the construct it was designed to cover
        
        :bulb: Whether an instrument measures what it
        set out to measure
        
        Ecological
        validity
        
        :bulb: Results of a study can be applied, and allow inferences, to real-world conditions
      - Reliability
        
        :bulb: Consistency of the result
        
        Test-Retest
        Reliability
        
        :bulb: The ability of a measure to produce consistent results when the same entities are tested at two different points in time
- - - - :bulb: Differences in performance created by a specific experimental manipulation
    - - leads to null hypothesis
      - :memo: age, gender, IQ, etc.
      - :bulb: Differences in performance created by unknown factors
    - - :bulb: Minimize unsystematic variation
    - - Researchers r interested in the :couple_with_heart: btwn systematic & unsystematic variation
  - - - :bulb: Different entities in experimental conditions
    - - :bulb: same entities take part in all experimental conditions
- - - - :bulb: There is no differences btwn 2 things tht compared
- - - - :bulb: Data come from people at different age points with different people representing each age point.
    - - :bulb: One or more variable is systematically manipulated to see their effect (alone or in combination) on an outcome variable
    - - :bulb: Observing what naturally goes on in the world :forbidden: directly interfering with it
        
        :older_man::skin-tone-2::bulb: Examines how 2 variables change/not change over time. It's observational n descriptive