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AOS 2: Lessons 7-8 (Air Pollution Toxicology (Air Pollutants (Irritants:…

- - - - SO2
        
        Forms sulfuric acid + eats lung tissue
        
        Chronic exposure to even trace amounts can lead to premature death
      - O3
        
        Attacks lung tissue (long-term chronic effects)
      - Organic vapors: many are carcinogens
    - - Asbestos
        
        Heat insulation
        
        Lodged into lungs for life-time; causes asbestosis
        
        Fiber-like
      - Emitted by combustion sources
      - Formed in smog
    - - Decay
        
        beta: electron lost when neutron turns into proton
        
        gamma - photon
        
        alpha: 2 protons + neutrons lost
      - Radon-222
        
        Comes from Ra-226
        
        Enters home thru ground
        
        Enters microscopic cracks and remain due to insulation
        
        Attaches to particles entering lungs
        
        Health effects
        
        Acute: Burns, radiation sickness
        
        Chronic: (lung) cancer + other effects
        
        Comparable to the effects of smoking
        
        Mostly in northern midwest of US
    - - Lead
        
        Sources: exhaust, pigments, metallurgy
        
        Can lead to plumbism (paralysis, loss of nerve functions, etc.)
      - CO
        
        Loss of available O2 in the body bc hemoglobin bonds with CO instead
        
        Longer exposure + concentration => worse effects
    - - Toxin - interfere's with physiology
      - Carcinogen - cancer via DNA mutations
        
        Bacteria used to identify cancer risk
      - Promutagens - indirect effects that form another mutagen
  - - - Eyes (Lachrymators)
      - Respiratory System
        
        nose/mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, bronchioles, alveoli
      - Skin
  - - - Exposure Time: time a person is exposed to toxin
        
        Chronic: small exposure over long period of time
        
        Acute: Large exposure in short period of time
      - Concentration: quantity of pollutant in air
      - Re: intake rate (inhalation per second)
      - f: fraction of pollutant in body (f=1)
    - - D50 = dose that produces response in 50% of ppl
      - Synergistic response: pollutants working together to increase effect
    - - y = response and x = intensity
      - Special Case 2: no 0 risk (straight line)
      - Special Case 1: 0 to 100 really quick
  - - - Pros: Large sample, Long-term
      - Cons: Lack of control, unknown history + behavior, mobility of subjects
      - London Correlation example
    - - Concentration
      - Uptake + retention
      - Health effects
      - Circumstances of exposure (i.e. chronic or acute)
      - Others (i.e. Additional pollutants)
    - - Pros: controlled variation + experiment
      - Cons: Small sample, short time period, not human :
    - - Affected individuals in pop N (Nht) = Population x Risk
        
        Cost-benefit analysis = Nht x Cost of pollution per capita (Wh) (Controversial bc how much is a life worth?)
- - - - Buoyancy
        
        Positive: Parcel is more dense (colder) => sinks
        
        Negative: Parcel is less dense (warmer) => parcel rises
        
        Neutral: Parcel weighs the same => floats
        
        Gas Laws
        
        Boyles: PV
        
        Charles: T/V
        
        Adiabatic expansion: gas cools
        
        Adiabatic compression: gas warms
        
        Air Parcel - Small volume of insulated air
    - - random swirls of air
      - Lead to equal distribution of gases (efficient diffusion)
    - - Goes from higher concentration to lower
      - Brownian motion - collide randomly
    - - Residence time corresponds to distance that can be traveled
      - Wind carries AP for long distances (higher = stronger)
  - - - Air from desert loses heat going up mtns. but gets warmer going down
    - - Saturated = 5˚C/km
      - Environmental lapse rate = varies
      - Dry adiabatic lapse rate = 10˚C/km
    - - Unstable: accelerates from original condition
        
        y>T: environment loses temp faster => keeps on rising
      - Neutral: accepts new state as equilibrium
        
        Environment rate = air parcel: equal temp => floats to where it is moved
      - Stable: resists disturbance + returns to its original condition
        
        y<T: parcel will not rise + pushed back to original height
        
        Inversions: Enviro lapse rate flips and air parcel is stuck below inversion base
    - - Marine - cool marine air pushed warmer land air up
      - Radiation - ground cooling at night results in air near ground cooling while higher air stays warm (more shallow inversion + smaller)
      - Subsidence - (most common in LA) sinking air adiabatically compresses on top of ground level cooler air (ie high pressure cells + weak Santa Ana winds)
      - Mixed layer - below inversion
        
        Mixing height - where inversion is from ground (smaller is worse)
      - Inversion layer: region from bottom of inversion to top
      - Inversions are like a lid => smog
    - - Factors
        
        Stack
        
        Wind
        
        Height
        
        Plume
      - Scenarios
        
        y<t: Stable => fanning
        
        t>y: unstable => looping
        
        y = t: neutral => coning
        
        Neutral then inversion: fumigation
        
        stable then inversion: lofting
      - Enhancements
        
        Tall stacks => increased mixing volume
        
        Blast out gas at higher speeds
        
        Heating it up