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Chemistry (Metals (Zinc \(Zn\) (Properties/Uses (Resists corrosion), Roast…

- - - - Windows and frames
      - High Tension Wire
      - Aircraft Manufacturing
      - Canning
      - Resistant to corrosion
    - - Bauxite is dug out of the ground. Importantly it contains \( Al_2O_3 \).There are two impurities in bauxite \(SiO_2\) and \(Fe_3O_2\).
      - FORMULA AND NAME OF PURIFIED SUBSTANCE
      - The white powder that is electrolysed has a very high melting point, so Cryolite is added to lower this.
      - Electrolysis uses Electrical Energy
      - The cathode is on the base of the furnace thing and it is made of carbon or graphite, and the anode, the positive one, is hanging at the top and is made of Carbon.
      - The ions are held together in an ionic crystal
      - The two pollutants are Carbon Dioxide, and Flourine from the flouride in the Cryolite
  - - - Resists corrosion
  - - - It is easy to make copper because it is low in the reactivity series
      - Ore is concentrated by being crushed, then roasted and electrolyzed
      - Roasting, \(CuS+O_2 \rightarrow Cu+SO_2\)
      - Copper forms blister copper during this process, and then that is refined to 99.99% pure copper with electrolysis
      - Turning blister copper into pure copper.
        
        The blister copper is attached to the anode. This is because oxidization occurs at the Anode, so the \(Cu\) becomes \(Cu^{2+}\) ions
        
        The Cu ions travel through the electrolyte and then gain 2 electrons at the Cathode to become pure copper.
        \(Cu^{2+}+2e^- \rightarrow Cu\)
        
        a sludge also forms at the bottom made up of all the impurities in the blister copper
    - - Copper is a good conductor
      - useful for wiring
      - Pots and Pans
  - - - Strength
- - - - These are our focus.
      - The Equation
        
        \(C_n+H_{2n+2}\)
        
        For example. \(CH_4\)
        
        \(C_1+H_{2*1+2}\)
        
        \(C+H_{2+2}\)
        
        \(CH_4\)
      - The Naming Scheme
        
        N=1 Methane
        
        N=2 Ethane
        
        N=3 Propane
        
        N=4 Butane
        
        N=5... Pentane, Hexane, Heptane
      - Properties
        
        Low Melting and Boiling Points
        
        Burns with less carbon than Alkenes but still a vary visible flame.
    - - Names end in Ene
      - The functional group is a carbon to carbon double bond. There must be one set of carbons that makes a double bond.
      - Alkenes are far more reactive the Alkanes.
      - They react in addition reactions where one of the double bonds is broken and some atoms are added to the carbons
      - Addition Reactions
        
        \(H_2+Ni\) Catalyst
        
        Adds hydrogens to the positions
        
        Adding acidified permanganate \(MnO_4^-+H^+\)
        
        Adds OH to each of the carbons
        
        Adding \(H_2SO_4\)/Hydrochloric acid
        
        Adds an H and an OH. Turns alkene to alkane
      - Properties
        
        Burns with plenty of carbon and smoke
    - - Ends in yne
      - The functional group is a carbon to carbon triple bond. There must be one set of carbons that makes a triple bond.
    - - Functional Group Single carbon bond with OH
      - Making them
        
        Hydration (Chemical/Synthetic)
        
        Done continuously, but at high temperature, with a catalyst to break bonds. This is expensive
        
        Creates large quantities quickly
        
        Uses non-renewable things
        
        Uses phosphoric acid as a catalyst
        
        High temperature of (570 degrees) which pollutes and requires higher costs.
        
        Ethene and Water
        
        Fermentation (Batch process)
        
        Uses fermented sugar and yeast
        
        Natural
        
        Uses renewable things like plants, ie. corn, and room temperature heat.
        
        Only low % alcohol produced 10%
      - Properties
        
        Burn with almost no flame/smoke, this is because the oxygen in the \(OH\) helps it combust more efficiently
        
        Not much smell
      - Reactions
        
        They experience complete combustion reactions
        
        They also oxidize to carboxylic acid. This can occur with air, or other chemicals. You can use the following two things to oxidize \(H^++MnO_4^-\) or \(H^++KMnO_4\) or \(H^++Cr_2O_7^{2-}\)
        
        They can dehydrate
        
        By applying heat and the catalyst \(Al_2O_3\) or concentrated \(H_2SO_4\) you get an alkene with water
        
        Adding a reactive metal
        
        Adding Sodium into alcohol, it acts just like when reacting with water. The H on the end of the OH is removed and replaced by sodium, and hydrogen is given off.
    - - Functional Group Single Carbon Bond with Double O bond and OH
      - Properties
        
        Smell bad. Like vomit or worse
        
        Turns red with Ui or red litmus
        
        ph less than 7
      - Reactions
        
        with metal
        
        results in salt plus hydrogen
        
        Reacts the same as all other acids just slower
        
        With base
        
        neutralization, produces salt and water
        
        With carbonate
        
        salt, water, and \(CO_2\)
    - - Functional Group Carbon with single bond O in between, an H single bond on the end and a double O bond on the end
      - Properties
        
        Generally nice smelling.
      - Reactions
      - When your react an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. The end H of the alcohols OH disappears, the end OH of the acid disappears, and then two are bonded together through the oxygen on the end of the alcohol. There is a by product of water because of the H and OH released.
      - Naming is alcohol+acid+oate. So methyl+ethan_oate is one option.
        
        You can always tell the acid part because it has the double bond O
      - Make Polyesters
      - C double bond O, single bond O
  - - - Displayed formula
        
        Shows all atoms and their structure
      - Condensed Formula
        
        The formula that gives us an idea of the construction of the molecule
      - Skeletal Formula
        
        Shows just the structure, only components that are not hydrogen are shown
      - Molecular Formula
        
        Just gives totals of each atom
    - - They are very unreactive
      - They do not biodegrade
      - They are filling up landfills
  - - - Units
        
        wool
        
        Spiders Silk
        
        DNA
      - Peptides
        
        Made up of \(CNHO\), with C to N bond in the middle. A Double O bond off the C and a single H off the N
        
        They are joined together by natural catalysts (enzymes)
      - Made with Enzymes
    - - Polyamides
        
        Made with acid chlorides where the OH group on the end has been replaced by a chloride.
        
        Same structure as peptides
        
        These Amide monomers are joined in polymers, but we decide how many carbons to put between the amide monomers, and this dictates many of the properties of the group.
        
        React
        
        Diamine reacts with Diacidchloride.
      - Units
        
        Kevlar
        
        Teflon
    - - Large molecule/polymer made from small monomers where molecules such as \(HCl and H_2O\) are condensed out.
    - - Amides, C double bond o, single bond to N with single bond to O.
      - Makes a group with C, O and N. Opposed to esters that form double bond C to O and an extra single bond O attached to the C.
- - - - Makes a chloride salt
      - \(Mg+HCl \rightarrow MgCl + H_2 \)
    - - Makes a sulphate salt
- - - - The Filtrate is the liquid that has passed through the filter.
      - The Residue is the solid that has been pulled out of the solution that went in.
  - - - The Order
        
        Gas, C1-4
        
        Petrol, C4-12
        
        Naptha
        
        Kerosene
        
        Diesel Oil
        
        Lubricating Oil
        
        Bitumen
      - The Crude is pumped in at the bottom
      - It is heated to 350, and the lighter chains rise up, as they rise, they cool, and eventually, they are separated out into different tiers
      - The Lower tiers are hot, dense bitumen. And the upper tiers are lighter chains like Gas and Petrol
- - - - Little Katy Never Can Manage A Zebra For She Punishes Him Cruelly Again And Again
- - - - After reaction with \(NaOH_{(aq)}\)
        
        White precipitate, thick and almost completely opaque
        
        Soluble in excess to give colourless solution
      - After reaction with \(NH_{3(aq)}\)
        
        Thick white precipitate
        
        Insoluble in excess
    - - After reaction with \(NaOH_{(aq)}\)
        
        "Thin" White precipitate
        
        Soluble in excess, resulting in colourless solution
      - After reaction with \(NH_{3(aq)}\)
        
        White precipitate
        
        Insoluble in excess
    - - After reaction with \(NaOH_{(aq)}\)
        
        Very "Thin" white precipitate
        
        Soluble in excess to give colourless solution
      - After reaction with \(NH_{3(aq)}\)
        
        Thin white precipitate
        
        Soluble in excess to give colourless solution
    - - After reaction with \(NaOH_{(aq)}\)
        
        Medium Opacity white precipitate
        
        Insoluble in excess
      - After reaction with \(NH_{3(aq)}\)
        
        No precipitate formed under any circumstances, solution remains colourless
    - - After reaction with \(NaOH_{(aq)}\)
        
        Light blue precipitate
        
        Insoluble in excess
      - After reaction with \(NH_{3(aq)}\)
        
        Lighter blue precipitate
        
        Soluble in excess to give a dark blue solution
    - - After reaction with \(NaOH_{(aq)}\)
        
        Dirty green precipitate
        
        Insoluble in excess
      - After reaction with \(NH_{3(aq)}\)
        
        Dirty green precipitate
        
        Insoluble in excess
    - - After reaction with \(NaOH_{(aq)}\)
        
        Reddish-brown precipitate
        
        Insoluble in excess
      - After reaction with \(NH_{3(aq)}\)
        
        Reddish-Brown/Orange precipitate
        
        Insoluble in excess
- - - - Temporary
      - Permanent
        
        Contains metals that become insoluble when the forming a salt. These are magnesium and calcium
      - Hardness is characterized by waters inability to lather with soap.