Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Radiology (Noggin (Lateral View (occipital, Parietal, Coronary suture,…

- - - - Definately if base of skull
    - - basalilar skull
        
        sphenoid sinus
        
        sella turcica
        
        Battle sign
        
        around mastoid process
      - 2 views not to mix sutures for fx
      - linear-0 displacement
        
        confused w/ sutures & vessels
        
        vessels taper from temporal zone. Fx doesn't taper
      - depressed
        
        darkness indicates overlap
      - face
        
        tear drop sign
        
        eye may not move right
        
        orbital floor blown, fatty tissue droops
      - Maxillary
        
        LE Forte classification
        
        I teeth out
        
        II up between orbits, sopares zygomatic arch
        
        III through orbits, through zygomatic arch
    - - black eyebrow from air being where it shouldn't
    - - DON'T FORGET TO CHECK OTHER SIDE 2 injuries until proven otherwise
  - - - down to 8th rib visible
    - - down to 10th rib visible
  - - - Sinus-better than Water's
        
        for facial trauma
        
        zygomatic process
        
        Maxillary sinus
        
        orbital rim
        
        frontal sinus
      - McGrigor-Campbell Lines
        
        superior orbits symmetrical
        
        zygomatic arch & inferior orbit
        
        Condyle & Coronoid process of mandible through maxillary sinus
    - - rotational panoramic plain film dental X-ray
      - 2 fx until proven otherwise
      - view upper and lower jaws on a single film
      - better for mandibular body, use mandibular view for sides
- - - - liquid in lungs blur border with fluid filled neighboring organs
    - - small horizontal lines (water density) in the periphery of the lung
      - increased fluid density material in the interlobular septa
      - Always extend to the pleura
      - Often the result of pulmonary edema (e.g., CHF)
        Other possible cause is spread of tumor through the lymphatic system
    - - If nodule or mass looks like a snowball just before impact, it is localized in the lung
        
        primary if malignant
      - f the nodule or mass looks like a flattened snowball just after impact, it arises from a surrounding structure (chest wall, pleura, or mediastinum)
    - - Interstitial AKA reticular and reticulonodular
        
        appearance of innumerable thin white lines randomly distributed in the lungs
        Represents the presence of fluid density material in the interstitium
      - air space/consolidation
        
        Patch of white opacity which results from the presence of fluid density material in the alveoli
      - honeycomb
        
        scarring long standing interstitial lung disease and irreversible scarring (e.g., fibrosing alveolitis, asbestosis)
        
        cysts under 1 cm
      - miliary
        
        3-4 mmwhite pellets like shotgun
        
        TB
      - ground-glass opaque
        
        density doesn't obscure vaaculature
        
        interstitial disease or alveolar filling
      - Diffuse interstitial
        
        Usually bilateral and often appears as multiple white lines
        Mainly caused by viruses and mycoplasma
      - Focal (airspace disease)
        
        Often caused by a bacterial infection
        
        siloehette sign
    - - wide mediastinum, blurred aortic notch, blood over apex of a lung appearing as a white crescent (apical cap) trachea pushed to right and left main stem bronchus pushed downward
      - Blood collects near aortic arch
    - - If the heart’s largest transverse measurement is greater than half the width of the chest
        (cardiomegaly) secondary to CHF, incompetent cardiac valves, or heart muscle disease (cardiomegaly)
        May be caused by abnormal fluid in the pericardial cavity (pericardial effusion)
        The effusion and the heart itself are both fluid density and therefore cannot be differentiated
    - - no change in abnormal findings
    - - Pneumonia
        Atelectasis (collapse)
        Cavity
        Pleural effusion/hemothorax/empyema
        Congestive heart failure
        Chronic interstitial lung disease
        Nodule/mass
    - - Pneumothorax/tension pneumothorax
        Emphysema
        Pulmonary embolism
  - - - Latent infection: Radiograph often normal
      - Secondary infection or reactivation TB: Tends to occur in upper lobes or superior aspects of lower lobes
      - Primary infection: Usually results in airspace disease of one of the lower lobes, pleural effusions and hilar lymph node enlargement
    - - Loss of volume or collapse of alveoli
        3 main causes
        Obstruction: If a mass (e.g., tumor) or foreign body (e.g., peanut) cause obstruction in a bronchus, the alveoli supplied by this bronchus will not fill with air
        Compression: Space occupying lesion pushes against alveoli and drives out air (e.g., pneumothorax, pleural effusion)
        Traction: Scarring from a severe infection (e.g., TB) or chronic fibrosis causes distortion of alveoli and contraction of the lungs;
    - - Collection of fluid between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura (pleural space)
        Fluid may be serous (pleural effusion), blood (hemothorax), or pus (empyema)
        On upright films, fluid collects in the lateral costophrenic angle due to gravity giving it a blunted appearance
        Upright lateral is superior to the upright PA for demonstrating small amounts of pleural fluid
    - - Heart becomes unable to pump out the same amount of blood that it is receiving
        Heart becomes enlarged (cardiomegaly)
        With left ventricular failure, fluid backs up in the pulmonary veins and lung. The fluid seeps out into the interstitium first and then eventually into the alveoli and pleural space
      - x ray
        
        Vascular redistribution: Blood vessels in upper lung zones become larger than the ones in the lower lung zones (inverse of normal)
        Interstitial pattern and Kerly B lines
        Peribronchial cuffing: Bronchi seen head on are surrounded by fluid
        Pleural effusions
        Batwing pattern: Symmetrical air space disease in the lung adjacent to the hila
    - - If an abnormal white area has not changed compared to a remote previous exam, there is likely chronic lung disease
        Honey comb pattern is suggestive of scarring
    - - ill-defined, spiculated borders and grow over time
        Metastases: multiple smooth round nodules, often of variable size
        Benign lesions: small, well defined, smooth, round and maybe calcified
      - Appear as round white fluid density lesions
        < 3 cm = “nodule” > 3 cm = “mass”
        May be caused by malignant (e.g., lung cancer, metastasis) or benign process (e.g., granuloma)
    - - Air between the parietal and visceral pleura, usually arising from a lung injury
        Air tends to rise to the highest point in the chest (contrary to fluid)
        
        tension
        
        Lung injury causing leakage of air into pleural space
        With every breath, more air seeps into pleural cavity and becomes trapped.
        Eventually, the air pushes the mediastinum and diaphragm and heart becomes unable to pump blood.
        Requires emergent pressure relief (e.g., large bore needle or chest tube insertion)
    - - Caused by chronic airway obstruction resulting in destruction of alveoli
        Lungs contain more air than normal because the airway obstruction causes air trapping
        Overall decrease in lung density (too black) on chest x-ray
        Fewer visible blood vessels on CXR
        Flattening of the diaphragm due to hyperinflation
      - subcutaneous
        
        Air under the skin in chest wall or neck
        Dark air density streaks in soft tissue on X-ray
        Possible causes: lung laceration (pneumothorax), esophageal rupture, tracheal laceration, or skin laceration
    - - Occurs when a clot (e.g., from a leg vein) is dislodged
        Clot travels to lungs and blocks a pulmonary artery
        Blood is prevented from getting to the area of lung supplied by the affected vessel
        CXR often close to normal
        Nonspecific signs include atalectasis and pleural effusion
    - - Caused by significant trauma and almost always (9/10) occurs on left side
        Abdominal structures (e.g., stomach, spleen, large bowel) may herniate through tear
        On x-ray, affected diaphragm appears elevated and there may be an air-fluid level if bowel is present in chest. Also look for displacement of mediastinum away from tear