ORGANIC CHEMSITRY
HYDROCARBONS
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
1)Alkane (-ane)
2)Alkene (-ene)
3)Alkyne (-yne)
4)Benzene (benz-/phen-)
5)Haloalkane (floro-,chloro-,bromo-,iodo-)
6)Alcohol (-ol/hydroxyl-)
7)Aldehyde (-al)
8)Ketone (-one)
9)Ether (-oxy-)
10)Carboxylic acid (-oic acid)
11)Ester (-oate)
12)Amine (-amine)
13)Amide (-amide)
Naming Alkanes/Alkenes and Alkynes:
For naming all the compounds, we have to start counting the carbons from the nearest carbon chain. Secondly, if we have any double or triple bonds included so we will start counting from the nearest double or triple bond and also include the carbon number (while naming) where the double/triple bonds are starting and where the side chains are starting.
However, the side chains must be written in alphabetical order.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic compounds must have atleast C-C bonds or C-H bonds.
ISOMERS
Isomers are the compounds that have same empirical formula but different arrangement of atoms.
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
STEREO ISOMERS
Same formula but different structure.
DIASTEREOMERS
(sometimes called diastereoisomers) are a type of a stereoisomer. Diastereomerism occurs when two or more stereoisomers of a compound have different configurations at one or more (but not all) of the equivalent (related) stereocenters and are not mirror images of each other.
ENANTIOMERS
An enantiomer is one of the two molecules that are mirror images of each other and are non-superposable.
Cis
Trans
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Both of the isomers have exactly the same atoms joined up in exactly the same order. That means that the van der Waals dispersion forces between the molecules will be identical in both cases. The difference between the two is that the cis isomer is a polar molecule whereas the trans isomer is non-polar.
There are 3 types of structures:
Condensed.
Expanded.
Fully Condensed (line structure).
Homologous Series Prefixes:
1C= Meth-
2C= Eth-
3C= Prop-
4C= But-
5C= Pent-
6C= Hex-
7C= Hept-
8C= Oct-
9C= Non-
10C= Dec-
11C= UnDec-
12C= DoDec-
13C=TriDec-
14C=TertraDec-
15C= PentaDec-
16C= HexaDec-
17C= HeptaDec-
18C= OctaDec-
19C= NonaDec-
20C= IsoDec-
Aromatic is the term given because these types of hydrocarbons produce a sweet scent. However, Aromatic Hydrocarbons are always closed chain and are in liquid state at room temperature.
BENZENE
Benzene has conjugated double bonds with Delocalized electron. these electrons always shift their positions so it's difficult for other compounds to pin point these electrons for sharing thus making the Benzene more stable.
ALCOHOL
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary
REACTIONS
Addition Reaction
Elimination Reaction
Substitution Reaction
Condensation Reaction
Esterification Reaction
Hydrolysis
An Addition reaction is an organic reaction in which two or more molecules recombine to form a larger molecule. The reaction only occurs between chemical compounds that have multiple bonds. An elimination reaction is the opposite of an addition reaction.
Substitution reaction (also known as single displacement reaction or single substitution reaction) is a chemical reaction during which one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another functional group.
An Elimination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule.
A reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the simultaneous loss of a small molecule such as water or methanol. While this occurs in many reactions, the term is usually reserved for reactions in which a new carbon-carbon bond is formed.
Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials, and often have a characteristic pleasant, fruity odor.
A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound; this is achieved by breaking a covalent bond in the compound by inserting a water molecule across the bond. The opposite of this is a dehydration-condensation reaction.