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'O' Level History Syllabus (Treaty of Versailles (Reduction of…
'O' Level History Syllabus
The Cold War
Causes of The Cold War
Wartime Alliances Broke Down
Alliances between USSR, USA
& Britain lasted from 1941-1945
Clearly an alliance of convenience/ mutual benefits
History of Distrust & Rivalry between USA & USSR
Russian Civil War (1918-1921)
USA supported Whites who
opposed the communist Reds
Bolshevik Revolution (1917)
Lenin cancels all debts to allies
Russia withdraws from WWI
Exclusion from LoN (1920-1933
USA refuses to recognise
Russia as a country
Munich Conference (1938)
USSR was excluded from the conference
USSR felt that Germany was being directed to attack them
Germany used as a buffer to prevent spread of communism
Nazi Invasion of USSR (1941)
Allies opened 2nd front during D-Day,1944
USSR felt that the opening of a 2nd front had
been delayed in purpose
USA provided economic aid & military supplies
Conflicting Political Ideologies/Systems
Marx's theory that all capitalists will be
over-pushed by the working class
Capitalist fear of Domino Theory
Deep mistrust/conflict between both systems
The Korean War
Causes of the Korean War
Strategic Imbalance
Differing views on the importance of Korea
USSR
USSR saw Korea as important to its expansion of global influence
Korea seen as a counterbalance to USA's influence in Japan
Key developments in USSR
Achieved atomic parity with USA; no longer feared USA when supporting North Korea
Sino-Soviet Alliance; USSR could avoid direct intervention
USA
Korea seen as less important
Not mentioned in US defence perimeter speech
USA prioritised Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines
Ambitions of Leaders
Syngman Rhee
Democratic
.
Kim Il Sung
Communist
Both willing to use force
Strategic Imbalance
USA
Focused on Japan, etc.
US defence perimeter
USSR
Spread communism to Asia
Counter to Japan
Made allies with communist China
Attained atomic parity
Results - Impacts of the Cold War
Both North and South Korea devastated after war
Families separated
Cuban Missile Crisis
Possible Responses of the USA
Do nothing
Use diplomatic measures
Approach Castro
Invade Cuba
Launch air strike
Impose naval blockade
Reason for adding missiles in Cuba
Bargaining chip
For removal of missiles from Turkey and Italy
For Allies to withdraw from Berlin
Leave Cuba alone
Protect Cuba
Nuclear Parity
To test his strength and capability of JFK as the leader of USA
Aftermath
Who was the winner of the CMC?
Kennedy
Perceived as a better leader
Stood up against hardliners (military commanders) advising him to be aggresive
Stood up against Khrushchev
Forced the Soviet Union to remove their missiles from Cuba
Pursued policy of Nuclear Disarmament
Khrushchev
Managed to remove missiles from Turkey
The agreement was done in secret so Khrushchev seen as weak
Swallowed his pride and did not say anything
Cuba is left alone by USA
USA's responses and actions
U-2 Spy plane over Cuba
"Quarantine"
No oil, arms and ?
Only medical supplies allowed
Created an ExComm inner circle to come to a conclusion on how to deal with the CMC
End of Cold War
Dissolution of USSR
Gorbachev's Solutions
Glasnost
Closer bond btw government and public
Improved relations with other countries
Allow more freedom to satellite states
Perestroika
Introduced capitalist features
Central planning ended
Market economy introduced
Overcome stagnancy
Better working conditions, standard of living,
education, medical services
Reduce military spending
Foreign policy reforms
Loosen control on Eastern Europe
Allowed self-governance to countries
Announced end of Soviet assistance to tackle internal problems
Red Army would not be sent in
Unilaterally withdrew 50k Soviet troops
Reasons for Gorbachev's failure
Speed of Reforms
Reforms frightening to people; deliberately slowed reforms
Deeply entrenched problems; could not be
solved with quick measures
Workforce unreliable: High number drunk, 35b. rouble deficit
Too many things to quickly!
Size of Problem
Huge country - Difficult to implement reforms
Corrupt officials in administration
Factories not energy efficient
Required costly repairs/improvements
Lack of Support From West
Popular with West but did not get support
West still skeptical to invest in Communist country
Moral support unable to drive reforms
Opposition from Communist Hardliners
Conservatives opposed to reforms
Reforms = loss of power and ability to intervene
Endangered safety of country and Warsaw Pact
Hardliners attempted coup in 1991
Placed Gorbachev under house arrest
Opposition From Soviet People
Workers expected results & improved conditions
Pro-Gorbachev supporters disappointed with slow reforms
Short term problems - Unemployment & wage cuts
Criticised heavily for Glasnost policy
Failings & atrocities of USSR exposed
Communism further discredited
Multi-ethnic Nature of USSR
Caused rise of nationalism
People voiced unhappiness at being dominated by Russians
Central Authority & Red Army to weak to control whole of USSR from Moscow
Treaty of Versailles
Territories
Loss of German Land
Alsace-Lorraine
Polish Corridor
Upper Silesia
Colonies
Africa
China: Qing Dao
Pacific Islands
Caroline Islands
Mariana Island
Reduction of Army
100K Soldiers
6 ships
No --> Submarine, tanks, planes
Demilitarisation of the Rhineland
Germany
Unemployement
Joined Freikorps
Chaos
At-risk of invasion
Pride
Army
was
strong
Reparations
£6.6 Billion
Saar - 15 years to the French
Danzig - League of Nations
Blame
War Guilt Clause - Article 231
Armistice - Expected Negotiation due to 14 Points
Diktat
Allied Powers
France
Revenge
Make sure Germany never threatens gain
2nd invasion by Germans
1870s - Franco-Prussian War
WWI
British
public sentiments
PM was voted on the promise of punishing Germany
Maintain colonial advantage
Queen of Seas
Before WWI --> German rivalry
WWII in Asia-Pacific
History of Japan
Early Successes
Template to get things done
e.g. Russo-Jap War(1904), Sino-Jap(1893)
Resources, Land
Rise of Militarism
Population increase: 44m-64m (1900-1930)
1929 Great Depression
Silk
Food
Electronics -> No Resources
Protectionist stance of Western Powers
Western powers refused
Aggression against China
Vulnerable due to Civil War (KMT vs CCP)
11 Month Lytton Commission (1931)
Resources (land, overpopulation in Japan, natural resources, agricultural)
Protectionism (Western Policies)
Western countries invested in Western Countries
Failure of LoN
1931-1933 LoN did not stop invasion of Manchuria
Were only condemned
Why bomb Pearl Harbour?
Deteriorating relationship between Japan & USA
Japanese invasion of Indochina
Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia
USA Sanctions
Greater-East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1921 Washington Naval Conference
Gave an unequal naval ratio to Japan
5:5:3
US Immigration Policies
1900-1919
ToV not rewarded enough
Racial equality clause rejected
Hitler's Rise to Power
Weaknesses of the Weimar Government
Proportional Representation
People voted for a party rather than a specific candidate
Parties gained seats based on the percentage of votes they recieved
Too many small and competing parties
Coalition Government
Frequently broke up due to clashing ideals
Extremist parties refused to cooperate
Difficulty in agreeing caused laws to not be passed
Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution
Allowed the President to bypass the Reichstag and create laws in the case of emergencies
Signed the Treaty of Versailles
Known as 'November Criminals'
Hated by the people
Hitler's Attributes
Hitler's leadership abilities
Addressed People's Concerns
Restore Germany's glory
Overturn the Treaty of Versailles
Have an anschluss (joining) between Germany and Austria
Promised to deliver a strong government
Beer Hall Speeches
Made speeches in beer halls where people were easily swayed
Started his speeches calmly and logically
Started to rant and rave when audience got drunk
True Orator
Prepared and practised speeches
A master at gauging the mood of an audience
Appeared sincere to the people
The Promises of the Nazi Party
Jobs to the people of Germany
Eradication of Communism
To lift the terms of ToV
Restoration of Germany's glory
Great Depression
Caused massive unemployment rates
Poverty increased
People upset with govt
People interested in more extreme parties
Communist Russia
Communist Rule
Industrialisation
Prepare for future war
Specific Reasons
5 Year Plans
Improving Collectivisation
Traditional Farming Methods
Manpower focused
Manual Labour
Extra Manpower
Introduce technology e.g. tractors, combine harvesters
Backwards 50 years behind rest of Europe
90% peasants
Tsar + Church refused
Collectivisation
Self Sufficiency
National Shame
Intended to make USSR an agricultural superpower
Plenty of suffering and hardship
Too much harvested
Could not provide for the Russian population
Millions suffered in gulags
USSR imported 5 million tonnes of grain
Stalin's Rise to Power
External Circumstances
Lenin's Testament
Central Executive Committee decided not to release Lenin's Testament
Stalin often quarrelled with Lenin
Lenin had criticised many members of the Party
Lenin urged for Stalin to be removed from the Communist party
Stalin's Position
Stalin exploited the system to consolidate power
Stalin held the position of
secretary-general of the CCCP
Filled positions with cronies (up to 15,000 at its peak)
Stalin's Personality
Machiavellian/Devious
Edited photos to make him appear closer
to Lenin and removed Trotsky from photos
Manipulated Kamenev and Zinoviev into defeating his political opponents
Gave Trotsky the wrong date of Lenin's funeral
End of WWII
Defeat of Japan in WWII
Early Japanese Success
WWII Europe
Ill Equipped
Inexperienced Troops
Underestimation
Japanese Brutality during WWII
Kempeitai
Occupied territories - Mass executions of Locals
Sandakan Death Marches
Comfort Women
'Death Railway'
Biological Warfare Testing
USA's Contributions
Economic Strength
USA was the largest industrial producer
Able to switch from consumer goods to military production
Citizens willing to work (post-Great Depression) vs forced labourers used by Axis powers
Social/ Economic Strength
Women Ordnance Workers (WOWs) worked in factories to produce weapons, vehicles and military supplies
Japan emphasised the role of women as mothers & child-bearers
Japan recruited women into the workforce too late into the war to make a substantial impact
Superior Military & Naval Strength
The attack on Pearl Harbour did not destroy USA's capacity to retaliate in the Asia Pacific
3 key events proved USA's superior strengths
Doolittle Raid on Tokyo
Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
Island hopping & continued bombings on mainland Japan
Strategic US attacks on important islands one by one
Allowed the USA to recapture Phillippines & take Iwo Jima + Okinawa
These islands allowed the USA to send out daily bombings on Japan
A quarter of Tokyo was destroyed, 250k buildings destroyed
Atomic Bomb
Use of the Atomic Bomb
Despite continued Allied bombing of Japanese cities & collapse of Japanese economy, Japan refused to surrender & adopted kamikaze tactics
Allies wanted unconditional surrender
Why use an atomic bomb?
Dropping of atomic bomb on 6 Aug 1945 over Hiroshima
1/3 killed instantly
70k or more injured & died soon after
7km radius of destruction & radioactive rain
9 Aug 1945, 2nd atomic bomb dropped over Nagasaki
40k killed instantly, 25k burnt, nuclear radiation caused severe effects
Truman promised not consider Emperor Hirohito as a war criminal
Threat towards USSR
Cracks within alliance
USA wanted to end war in Japan without Soviet help
USSR demanded to have a share in occupation of Japan, similar to Germany
Harry Truman was a staunch anti-communist
Defeat of Germany in WWII
US Role
Pre-Entry
Cash & Carry
Lend-lease act
Trade Sanctions
Post-Entry
Industries
Conversion to war equipment
Outproduced Germany e.g. planes
USA troops + Allies
-
Germany
Technology-radar system
$1bil --> Weapons, ammunition
Oil Supplies
Strategies
Air
Escort system for bombers
RAF + US control air
Long range bombing of airfields, industries and oil supplies
Sea
Worked with Britain
Radar
Locate U-boat
Win Atlantic Sea battle
Campaigns
D-Day
Staged landing in Normandy
Germany's Weaknesses & Mistakes
Battle of Britain
Poor Leadership: Hitler + Air Force Chief
Interference with strategies
Shifted from RAF -> Cities e.g. London 'The Blitz'
H. Goering
Not up to date w/tech & strategies
Operation Barbarossa
Late start to war w/USSR
Delayed start -> Italy's request for help in Greece & Yugoslavia
Underestimated USSR -> Thought they could win by winter
Contributions by others
Resistance forces
French, Yugoslavia, Poland
Joined attacks during German retreat
Britain
Measures taken by British Govt.
Evacuation
Conscription
Controlling Information
Rationing
Bombings strengthened the morale & resolve of the British
USSR
Power reorganised during halted German advance